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Reconstruction, the Old West & Gilded Age Unit 1. The Civil War. From 1860 to 1865 the North and South of America fought a Civil War over the issues of slavery, states’ rights and southern individuality. 620,000 soldiers were killed in the War. General Ulysses S. Grant led the North
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The Civil War • From 1860 to 1865 the North and South of America fought a Civil War over the issues of slavery, states’ rights and southern individuality. • 620,000 soldiers were killed in the War. • General Ulysses S. Grant led the North • General Robert E. Lee led the South • In 1863, President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation freeing all slaves in the Southern states of the USA. • Northern soldiers fought a total war in the South, burning or destroying everything in their path
President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, as the nation approached its third year of bloody civil war. The proclamation declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free."
DRUMMERSMuch is written about the weapons and strategies of war but little is said about the importance of the drummer. Its often thought that a drummers' only task was to beat cadence for his unit while marching. That was only a small part of a day in the life of a young drummer.Without a drummer to establish communications and keep order among the units in the field, many campaigns would have ended in failure. The drummer had many responsibilities, including using one of many drum calls for everything from assembling officers for strategy meetings to sounding retreat in the midst of severe enemy fire.
The South after the Civil War • Many southern cities were left in ruins after the total war campaigned by the North. • Southern economy was shattered and tens of thousands of Southern soldiers were unemployed following the end of the war. • Although newly freed people (former slaves) looked eagerly to their future, most were left without an education, money or a job. • Northern Congressmen proposed the Wade-Davis Bill which required 50% of men in southern states to denounce the confederacy.
Lincoln’s Plan and Death • President Abraham Lincoln vetoed the Wade-Davis Billand planned to offer pardon to any southern citizen who was willing to swear allegiance to the Union. • Lincoln proposed that any state with 10% of its citizens willing to swear allegiance should be readmitted. • Lincoln’s ideas for Reconstruction would never come to pass as he was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theatre just days after the surrender of the South (April 14, 1865)
Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the 16th President of the US, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. He successfully led his country through its greatest internal crisis, the American Civil War, preserving the Union and ending slavery.
Booth assassinates Lincoln at the Ford Theater April 14, 1865 Booth was an actor by trade. He jumped from the balcony, shot Lincoln in the back of the head, and fled.
“YOUR NAME IS MUDD” Samuel Mudd, a physician who practiced medicine in Charles County, Maryland during the Civil War was awakened by two men at 4 a.m. on the morning of April 15, 1865. Dr. Samuel Mudd did not realize that the patient with a broken leg was the well-known actor, John Wilkes Booth. He had no idea Booth had suffered the injury at Ford’s Theatre while jumping onto the stage after sending a bullet crashing into the skull of Abraham Lincoln Contrary to folklore, the case of Samuel Mudd is not the origin of the popular expression “your name is mud” (that phrase dates back to the 1820s).
Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction • After Lincoln’s assassination, Vice President Andrew Johnson took over as President. • Johnson, who was once a slave holder, was more sympathetic to the South than Lincoln and allowed pardons to rebel soldiers and readmitted all formers states, only asking they abolish slavery and pay war depts. • Johnson’s attitude toward reconstruction allowed southerners to adopt Black Codes which limited freedoms for former slaves.
Black Codes • Black Codes were laws designed to keep former slaves from having true freedom • In some states, former slaves were not allowed to hold meetings unless whites were present. • Often, freedmen (former slaves) were not allowed to own land, travel without permits, attend school with whites, serve on juries, or testify in court. • Many laws were designed to force freedmen back to work in the fields, including unfair labor contracts and even selling the children of parents who refused to work the plantations
Reconstruction Amendments • After Civil War Congress passed three amendments to the US Constitution. • The THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT, ratified in September 1865 by all southern states except Mississippi, outlawed slavery in America. • The FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT ratified on July 9, 1868, granted citizenship to all people “born or naturalized in the United States” and guarantees all people due process and equal protection under the law. • The FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT ratified February 3, 1870, gave black men the right to vote, but true suffrage would not come quickly or easily. • 13- Freed Slaves • 14-Made blacks citizens • 15-Gave black men the right to vote
African American Suffrage • By 1865, radical Republicans began to insist that African Americans have the right to vote. • Frederick Douglas, a former slave himself, publicly supported suffrage for black men. • By 1870, Congress ratified the 15th Amendment to the Constitution giving black men the right to vote. • Southern whites still tried to deny African Americans the right to vote by: POLL TAXES (charging money to vote) or passing LITERACY TESTS ( ability to read and write)
The Freedmen’s Bureau • Northern Republicans who moved south called carpetbaggers and Southern Republicans nicknamed scalawagsran for political offices in the South • Congress created the Freedmen’s Bureau in March of 1865 to set up thousands of public schools for children of freed slaves, settle disputes between field workers and plantation owners and ensure fair elections in the south • Although President Johnson attempted to veto an extension of the Bureau, congress overrode his veto and extended the Bureau.
If link does not work cut and paste following url directly into explorer http://montage.allenisd.org/?a=38411&ch=6&d=01476AA Or search Tunis Campbell in Montage
Troubles for Johnson • President Andrew Johnson continued to fight with Congress over reconstruction and in 1867 when Johnson illegally fired the Secretary of War, the House voted for his impeachment. • Before Johnson would be removed from office two thirds of the Senate must also vote for impeachment and in an eight week trial seven members of the house argued for impeachment • Johnson was spared impeachment by one vote in the Senate, who worried that an aggressive Congress could become too powerful.
The Southern Economy • By the 1870’, former slaves and capital poor landowners, who couldn’t afford to pay wages, used sharecropping as an alternative to slavery • Under sharecropping the former slave worked a specific piece of land, while the landowner provided seeds, tools, horses and shelter; when the crop was harvested a contracted percentage of the profit was paid to the former slave. • Northern and European investors also began to open factories in the South, but poor working conditions and low pay were common.
Jim Crow Laws • In the late 1800’s Southern States began to pass laws designed to separate white and black citizens in various areas of society. • Some examples of these ‘Jim Crow Laws’ included separate schools, buses, cemeteries, parks and other public places. • Northerners claimed the laws violated the Civil Rights Act of 1875, but in the court case of • Plessy v. Ferguson the Supreme court ruled separate but equal facilities were not unconstitutional.
Booker T. Washington and Ida B. Wells • How African American’s should respond to racism was not always agreed on by black leaders like Washington and Wells. • Booker T. Washington felt that freedom would come through economic prosperity and encouraged African Americans to educate themselves instead of protesting. • Ida B. Wells focused her attention on stopping the lynching of African American and used fiery editorials to protest injustices
Native American Relations • By 1850 most Native Americans lived West of the Mississippi River. • The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) was established by Congress to manage Indian affairs. • The main goal of the BIA was to force American Indians to settle on reservations and become an agricultural society. • Most tribes were hunters who’s culture revolved around following buffalo, and most Indians were not happy on the reservation.
Why Tipis (Teepees)? Native Americans needed to move around with the buffalo so they wouldn't run out of food. They had to have housing that would come with them. The teepees were light and easily moved. It was a logical choice.
Indian Uprisings • Sioux Indians attacked the Indian agency and nearby farms when government agent refused to release food to starving people. • After flying a American flag over their camp and being assured of a peaceful meeting, some 200 Cheyenne Indians were killed by a Colorado militia at Sand Creek. (later known as the Sand Creek Massacre) • In June of 1876, General Custer and 600 American troops were killed by some 2,500 Sioux at the Battle of the Little Bighorn.
Dawes Act • In efforts to assimilate Native Americans, Congress passed the Dawes Act in 1887. It dissolved many tribes as legal entities, did away with tribal ownership of land, and gave heads of individual families private ownership of tracts of land. • Many Native Americans refused to comply with the act and stayed on their reservation land. • Surplus land that was left over after Native American allotments were opened to white settlers.
Euro-American settlers assembling at the border of Oklahoma Territory, preparing to stake claims on land made available by the Dawes General Allotment Act (1887).
The End of Indian Resistance • As many Sioux began to accept reservation life, a leader named Wovoka started a resistance movement called Ghost Dance. • Native American hero Sitting Bull joined Wovoka and the movement spread. • On December 15, 1890 Sitting Bull and others were killed by Reservation Police. • The Ghost Dance movement continued to grow until 150 Sioux were killed in the Massacre at Wounded Knee.
Just Wondering Why is it that when the white man won the battles it was a ‘great victory, but when the Native Americans (Indians) won it was always called a ‘massacre?
Western Land Acts • The Homestead Act gave a 160 acre tract of land to any citizen willing to live on and cultivate the land for a 5 year period. • The Pacific Railway Act gave land to railroad companies to help link the East and West coasts. • The Morrill Act granted 17 million acres of Federal lands to the states, profits from their sale were used to establish state universities.
Many nationalities worked to build the Trans-Continental Railroad. Americans, Chinese, African-Americans, and Russians were all involved.
Who settled the West? The majority of the White settlers traveling west came from the Mississippi where land and supplies had grown very expensive. In 1877 the last of the Federal troops had been withdraw from the south and with no protection many blacks fled to western states. Russian Mennonites and Chinese moved to the great plains and California to work on railroads and in agriculture.
Western Ranches • Early cattle ranches were established by the Spanish who bred Spanish and Texas cattle to make the Texas Longhorn. • A longhorn bought in Texas for $4 could be sold for as much as $40 on the East Coast. • Sheep ranches were also popular in Arizona and California, but Cowboys thought that sheep destroyed grass (by also eating the roots) and hated sheep herders • Towns located at the ends of eastbound railroads became known as Cattle Towns.
The Life of a Cowboy • Around 1900, some 35,000 cowboys, many of whom were ex-confederate soldiers, lived and worked in the American west. • About one third of cowboys were black or Hispanic, former slaves who fled the deep south to Kansas were called exodusters. • Life of a cowboy revolved around moving herds of cattle long distances to market, the worst hazard for a cowboy was a stampede .
Building the trans-railroad http://montage.allenisd.org/?a=87832&ch=8&d=01954AA Cartoon
Western Mining • The most significant gold strike after the California gold rush came in Pikes Peak Colorado in 1858. • In 1859, people frantically moved on to the Carson River Valley in Nevada where gold and silver had been found. • From 1893 to 1896 some 12 million ounces of gold were mined in Alaska and Northern Canada in what would come to be known as the Klondike Gold Rush.
The Political Machine • The extreme growth of American cities gave a new found power to city governments who were expected to provide police, fire, sanitation, schools, utilities and construction. • During the late 1800’s well organized political parties dominated city governments. • These political machines were often led by bosses who dictated party positions and made deals with businesses. • Bosses would offer jobs and services in exchange for votes of new immigrants.
