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Vital Signs. Vital Signs. Provide information about body function Include: temperature pulse respiration blood pressure Changes may be the first sign of disease Accuracy is imperative !. Vital Signs Temperature. Measurement of the balance between heat lost and heat produced
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Vital Signs • Provide information about body function • Include: • temperature • pulse • respiration • blood pressure • Changes may be the first sign of disease • Accuracy is imperative! 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Vital SignsTemperature • Measurement of the balance between heat lost and heat produced • Heat lost through: • Perspiration • Respiration • Excretion • Heat produced by: • Metabolism of food • Muscle and gland activity 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Vital SignsTemperature Normal ranges • 97º - 100º F • 36.1º - 37.8º C 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Vital SignsTemperature Hypothermia • Temperature below 95º F • Death can occur if below 93º F 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Vital SignsTemperature Hypothermia Temperature decreases with: • environment • exposure to cold • inactivity • sleep • starvation Symptoms: • shivering • cold skin • confusion 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Vital SignsTemperature Hyperthermia • Temperature 100-104º F • Temperature above 104º F is life-threatening • Prolonged hyperthermia may cause brain injury. 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Vital SignsTemperature Hyperthermia Temperature increases with: • environment • exercise • illness, infection, injury • stress Symptoms: • hot, dry, red skin • nausea/vomiting • headache • low blood pressure 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Vital SignsTemperature Thermometers Clinical Non-mercury glass Electronic Aural 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Vital SignsTemperature Sites to measure temperature: • Aural – auditory canal • Axillary – armpit • Oral – mouth • Rectal – rectum 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Vital SignsTemperature • To record temperature: • Oral 98.6º (O) • Rectal 99.6º (R) • Axillary 97.6º (ax) • Aural 98.6º (T) 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Vital SignsTemperature Measurement Oral • Ask the patient if they have ingested hot or cold food or drink, or smoked within the last ½ hour • If yes, wait at least 15 minutes before measuring the oral temperature 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
REPORT ABNORMAL RESULTS OF ANY VITAL SIGN IMMEDIATELY Vital Signs 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Temperature Vital Signs Oral Demonstrate the skill Provide for guided practice Provide for independent practice Verify student passing 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Vital SignsTemperature Measurement • Aural • Pros: • Measures core body temperature • Fast and convenient • Con: • Inaccurate if not placed correctly in the ear canal • Ear infection • Ear wax 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Temperature Vital Signs Aural Demonstrate the skill Provide for guided practice Provide for independent practice Verify student passing 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Vital SignsPulse Pressure of blood on artery walls as the heart beats and relaxes • Sites: Temporal – side of the forehead Carotid – side of the neck Brachial – inner elbow Radial – above the thumb at radius Femoral – upper thigh Popliteal – behind the knee Dorsalis pedis – top of the arch of the foot 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Vital SignsPulse When would you use these pulse sites? Temporal Carotid Brachial Radial Femoral Popliteal Dorsalis pedis 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Normal rate adult (male) 60 – 70 beats per minute adult (female) 65 – 80 beats per minute children (over 7) 70 – 100 beats per minute children (1 – 7) 80 – 110 beats per minute infants (less than 1 year) 100 – 160 beats per minute Rhythm regular or irregular Volume strength of the pulse Vital SignsPulse 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Vital SignsPulse • Pulse can be increased by: • exercise • stimulant drugs • excitement • fever • shock • nervousness 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Vital SignsPulse • Pulse can be decreased by: • sleep • depressant drugs • heart disease • coma 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Vital Signs REPORT ABNORMAL RESULTS OF ANY VITAL SIGN IMMEDIATELY 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Radial Pulse Vital Signs Demonstrate the skill Provide for guided practice Provide for independent practice Verify student passing 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Vital SignsApical Pulse • Pulse count taken with the stethoscope. • Use if the patient has: • Irregular heartbeat • Arteriosclerosis • Weak or rapid radial pulse • Infants and children 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Apical Pulse Vital Signs Demonstrate the skill Provide for guided practice Provide for independent practice Verify student passing 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Vital SignsRespiration Process of taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide 1 inspiration + 1 expiration = respiration Normal rate: adults – 12 – 20 breaths per minute children – 16 – 30 breaths per minute Evaluate for rhythm and character Rhythm – regular or irregular Character – depth, ease of breaths 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Vital SignsRespiration • Abnormal respiratory patterns • Apnea – periods of absent breathing • Cheyne-stokes – periods of apnea and dyspnea • Dyspnea – difficult breathing 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Vital Signs REPORT ABNORMAL RESULTS OF ANY VITAL SIGN IMMEDIATELY 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Respirations Vital Signs Demonstrate the skill Provide for guided practice Provide for independent practice Verify student passing 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Vital SignsBlood pressure Pressure of blood on the arterial walls Recorded as a fraction: 120/80 Systolic pressure – wall of left ventricle is contracting Normal range: 100-140 mm Hg Diastolic pressure– wall of left ventricle is resting Normal range: 60-90 mm Hg 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Vital SignsBlood pressure Factors that elevate blood pressure: • anxiety • eating • exercise • excitement • stimulant drugs Factors that lower blood pressure: • depressant drugs • excessive loss of blood • rest • shock 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Vital Signs REPORT ABNORMAL RESULTS OF ANY VITAL SIGN IMMEDIATELY 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Blood Pressure Vital Signs Demonstrate the skill Provide for guided practice Provide for independent practice Verify student passing 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Combined Vital SignsTPR BP Vital Signs Demonstrate the skill Provide for guided practice Provide for independent practice Verify student passing 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Diagnostic Skills:Height and Weight Measured if warranted by patient’s age and physical condition • Measured routinely: • on admission to health care facility • as part of annual physical examination • each provider visit for children • Important for evaluation of laboratory tests and calculation of medications 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Diagnostic Skills:Daily Weights • Daily weights are used to monitor patients with chronic disease processes: • Hormone disorders • Renal disorders • Heart disease • Cancer 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Diagnostic Skills:Daily Weights • Guidelines for daily weights: use the same scales at the same time wearing the same type of clothing patient voids to empty bladder • Make sure to balance the scales before weighing the patient. 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Diagnostic Skills:Daily Weights OBSERVE SAFETY PRECAUTONS! Prevent injury from falls and the protruding height lever. 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Measuring Height and Weight Diagnostic Skills Demonstrate the skill Provide for guided practice Provide for independent practice Verify student passing 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Diagnostic Skills:Measure Visual Acuity • Used to measure the ability to see • Snellen charts: used to measure distant vision • Ishihara method tests for color • Tonometer measures intraocular pressure 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Diagnostic Skills:Measure Visual Acuity • OD – right eye (oculus dexter) • OS – left eye (oculus sinister) • OU – both eyes (oculus uterque) • Myopia – nearsightedness, defect in distant vision • Hyperopia – farsightedness, defect in near vision 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Measure Visual Acuity Diagnostic Skills Demonstrate the skill Provide for guided practice Provide for independent practice Verify student passing 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
