UNIT 3: MEMORY

1. UNIT 3: MEMORY DECK – PSYCH

2. PATIENT HM

3. AN INTRODUCTION…

4. What is memory? • If someone asked you to define what memory is, what would you say? • According to thefreedictionary.com, memory is the mental faculty of retaining and recalling past experience

5. Types of Memory • Are there different types or kinds of memory? • If so, brainstorm some: • a) • b) • c) • d)

6. Is memory important? • How important is the ability to remember? • Why? • Explain your thoughts: • a) • b) • c) • d)

7. AGREE/DISAGREE? • Without our memory we would not survive. • Explain your choice(s) • a) • b) • c) • d)

8. AGREE/DISAGREE? • Without memories we would not know who we are. • Explain your choice(s): • a) • b) • c) • d)

9. MEMORY – VID 1 • Memory

10. WHAT IS MEMORY?

11. GUIDING QUESTIONS FOR THIS UNIT • 1. What is memory? • 2. What are the different types of memories? • 3. How do we memorize items? • 4. Why do we forget? • 5. How can memories be recalled? • 6. Can false memories be created?

12. KEY TERMS Chunking Working Memory Long Term Memory Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon Maintenance Rehearsal Elaborative Rehearsal Proactive Interference Retroactive Interference Semantic LTM Episodic LTM Encoding Specificity Hypothesis Elizabeth Loftus Sensory Memory Short Term Memory George Miller 7 +/- 2 Theory Memory H.M. Serial Learning Paired-Associate Learning Free Recall Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of Memory Encoding Storage Retrieval Donald Broadbent Filter Theory E.C. Cherry Cocktail Party Phenomenon

13. MEMORY DEFINED • The concept of memory is difficult to define. • Memory is one of those abilities that we take for granted. • Certainly memory is related to learning. • Memory: Is the system or process by which the products or results of learning are stored for future use.

14. HOW WE MEMORIZE LEARNED MATERIAL • SERIAL LEARNING: • - Material that has been learned must be • repeated in the order which it was presented. • Examples: • - Phone numbers • - Simple procedure like how to make coffee - Math equations

15. PAIRED-ASSOCIATE LEARNING: • Items to be recalled are learned in pairs. During recall, • one member of the pair is presented and the other is to • be recalled. • Example: Learning a foreign language, basic definition • study, etc. • FREE RECALL: • - When material that has been learned may be repeated in any order. Here the task is to remember as many items as possible, regardless of their order • Example: Essay Answers.

16. READ HANDOUT: INITIAL STUDIES IN MEMORY Who was Herman Ebbinghaus? What are nonsense syllables and why are they important? Explain the curve of forgetting. What is a recognition test (provide an example). What is a relearning test? What does it show?

17. Ten Second Tom Clive Wearing Thoughts about H.M... " 'Every day is alone in itself'... H.M. remembered nothing form minute to minute but knew that he remembered nothing." Is life worth living without memory? Ethics - why keep it a secret till his death? Was he good for science?

18. HM (Henry Molaison) • Suffered from severe seizures; removed seizure causing portion of his brain • Lost the ability to form new long-term memories • Could remember things up to his surgery but nothing after (never knew what day of the week it was) • Forgot things within a minute; short-term memory worked • Remembered nothing from minute to minute but knew he remembered nothing • Able to learn new motor tasks – able to hold down a job

19. Types Of Memory

20. A REVIEW • Memory is the system or process by which the products or results of learning are stored for future use (recall) • What is something that you have recently “filed” in your brain for later use? • Hint – think something you wanted to use as a “weapon” or “against someone”

21. Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of Memory • Proposed that there are three types of memory: • Sensory • Short-Term • Long-Term

22. SENSORY MEMORY • First stage of memory • Retention only lasts for a few seconds • Largely based on what we see or hear • Memory is fragile at this stage and likely disappears if not processed further • “in one ear and out the other” • What happens if you do not repeat a number or write it down you got from 311/411?

23. SHORT-TERM MEMORY

24. An Example in Action • Short-Term Memory

25. The Facts • Short-term memory is the middle stage of memory • This stage is usually measured in seconds or minutes • Memory is still fragile but has been processed more than in the sensory stage • If processed further it will be transferred to long-term memory

26. The Reasons • Unless memories are practiced or rehearsed, they become weaker and fade away • To make room for new incoming information, some of the memories in short-term memory are pushed out or displaced (less valuable ones usually)

27. The Reflection • How do cultural groups try and keep memories alive? • A) • B) • C) • D) • E)

28. REFLECTION cont’d… • How do you try and keep memories alive? • A) • B) • C) • D) • E)

29. The Future??? • How can it be argued that computers are negatively influencing our short-term memories? • How can it be argued that computers are positively influencing our short-term memories?

30. The Practice • Memorize the following phone numbers: (316) 343-5800 (401) 246-4531 (912) 692-3423

31. STM continued… • Memorize as many words as you can:

32. Memory Experiment • Write down as many as you can remember:

33. A Strategy • Miller’s theory states we can only hold so many items in short-term memory • As a result, grouping or chunking items together is one solution to increase memory

34. A Second Chance • Try again. This time I will give you the categories: • Types of vehicles • Parts of a computer • Food • Clothing • Coins

35. STM continued… • Memorize as many words as you can:

36. How did you do? • What was different? • What did you do differently? • How could you apply this to your daily school/life routines?

37. Music and Memory: • Advertisers have found a strategy that emphasizes free recall. . . Use music. • How many commercials have you seen or heard that did not include music or a jingle? • Advertisers assume that we are more likely to remember brands and products if they are associated with catchy phrases or jingles.

38. Surprisingly little research has been conducted to verify this assumption • Results of research that has been done are mixed: • Some studies have yielded a positive correlation between memory and music, some have found no relationship, and still others have found that music can actually interfere with recall. • Most psychologist conclude that items associated with musical jingles or catchy phrases are easier to retrieve from memory, but that pairing an item with music it does not necessarily enhance recognition of those items

39. Let’s Test Your Memory for Advertisements:

40. Be all that you can be • Army • M'm, M'm good • Campbell’s Soup • Waaay delicious • Wendy’s • Winston tastes good like a cigarette should • Winston’s Cigarettes • A little dab'll do ya • Brule Cream • Diamonds are forever • Debeers • Just do it • Nike • Tastes great, less filling • Miller Lite • Good to the last drop • Maxwell House • Don’t leave home without it • American Express • Wassup?! • Budweiser • Have it your way. • Burger King • Got milk? • I’m Love’n it • McDonalds

41. Eat Fresh Subway Have a Break Kit Kat Betcha can’t have just one Lay’s Chips Makes a nice light snack Coffee Crisp Pure Nature Disani Be Kool Kool Aid Look, Ma, no cavities! Crest Zoom Zoom Mazda Ingredients for life. Safeway Excelerate your Breath Excel You’ll Find Us Best Sleep Center Think outside the Bun Taco Bell The Best a Man can get Gillette Do the Dew Mountain Dew You can do it we can help Home Depot What’s in your Wallet Capital one Is it in you? Gatorade

42. What is memory like? OR • Well, memories are... • Incomplete • Bias  • Distorted • We remember personal stuff and filter a lot of information

43. Does Attention determine what is remembered?

44. Visual Attention is Selective • We can focus our attention on primitive things such as: • Shape • Colour • Movement • Orientation • Shall we see... Count the Red As

45. A A A A A A A A A A A A A

46. A Count the

47. A A A A A A A A A A A A A

48. Parallel Processing Allows us to process information from different visual features at the same time by looking for targets. Application... Something a little harder. Count the Red Squares

50. Conjunction Task Stimulus you are looking for requires more attention, because it is made up of two features. Application...