Ali (a.s.) Up to the Hijrah

Ali (a.s.)Up to the Hijrah A.S. Hashim, MD From Wikipedia.com

Sources of Reference • ibn Jarir al-Tabari, • Ibn Qutaybah, • Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. "Ali". • Madelung, • Encyclopaedia of the Holy Prophet and Companions • Tabatabaei, • Lapidus, • The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon • Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid • Dakake • Nahj Al-Balagha, Sermon 3 • Holt, P.M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard. Cambridge History of Islam. • Watt, William Montgomery. Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford University Press.

In this Slide Show • Family Tree of Ali and Lineage • Place of Birth and the Naming • Acceptance of Islam • To Recognize the Truth • His Brother, Inheritor and Vicegerent • Ali at age 13 yrs • The Panorama of Ecstasy • The Panorama of Anguish • Migration to Medina • At Qu’baa, Ali welcomed by the Prophet • Al-Masjid al-Nabawi • Brotherhood-in-Faith

Early life • Ali is born inside the Ka'ba • Ali is raised by Muhammad (pbuh) • Ali the First Male to embrace Islam • Youthful life in Mecca • Prophet chooses Ali to be in his bed as he leaves Mecca to go to Medina

Family Tree of Ali • Ali's father was Abu Talib son of Abdul Mut’talib. • Abu Talib was the custodian of the Ka'ba • and a sheikh of the Benu Hashim, an important branch of the eminent Quraish tribe. • Abu Talib was also an uncle of Muhammad. • Ali's mother was Fatima Bint Asad. • She belonged to Benu Hashim of Quraish too • This made Ali a descendant of Ishmael, the son of Prophet Ibrahim or Abraham.

Lineage Clan of Quraish Benu Hashim Father Abu Talib Ali Clan of Quraish Benu Hashim Mother Fatima Bint Asad

Lineage • Most records do indicate that during Muhammad's time, • Ali was the only person born in the Ka'ba sanctuary in Mecca, the holiest place in Islam. • His father was Abu Talib ibn Abdul Mut'talib and • his mother was Fatima Bint Asad, • but Ali was raised in the household of Muhammad, • Previously Muhammad himself was raised by Abu Talib, his uncle. • When Muhammad reported receiving a divine revelation, • Ali was the first male to accept his message, • dedicating his life to the cause of Islam.

Place of Birth and the Naming • Many sources, including all Shi'a records, • attest that during Mohammad's time Ali was the only person born inside the Ka'ba in the city of Mecca, • where he stayed with his mother for three days. • However, some sources contend that he was born beside the Ka'ba rather than inside it. • According to a tradition, Muhammad was the first person whom Ali saw as he took the newborn in his hands. • Muhammad named him Ali, meaning "the exalted one".

Ali was Born inside the Ka’ba Ali was born inside the Ka’ba

Muhammad and Abu Talib • Muhammad had a close relationship with Ali's parents. • When Muhammad was orphaned and later lost his grandfather (Abdul Mut'talib), • Ali's father, Abu Talib, took the 8 yr old Muhammad into his house. He was like a member of the family. • Ali was born two or three years after Muhammad had married Khadijah Bint Khuwaylid. • When Ali was a few years old, • a famine occurred in and around Mecca, • affecting the economic conditions of Ali's father, who had a large family to support. • Muhammad took Ali into his home to raise him.

Acceptance of Islam • The second period of Ali's life begins in 610 when Ali declared Islam at age 10 and ends with the Hijrah of Muhammad to Medina in 622. • When Muhammad reported that he had received a divine revelation, • Ali, then only about ten years old, believed him and professed to Islam. • According to Ibn Ishaaq and some other authorities, • Ali was the first male to embrace Islam. • Tamara adds other traditions making the similar claim of being the first Muslim in relation to Zaid or Abu Bakr. • Some historians and scholars believe Ali's conversion ought not to be considered because he was a child at the time. • Yet the Prophet never asked any other child, other than Ali, to do so (to convert), since in the eyes of the Prophet, Ali was uniquely capable and mature for the task

كرم الله وجهه Karram Allahu Wajhahu • Shi'a doctrine asserts that in keeping with Ali's divine mission, • he accepted Islam before he took part in any pre-Islamic Meccan traditional religion rites, • regarded by Muslims as polytheistic (shirk) or pagan. • Hence the Shi'a say of Ali that his face is honored — that is, it was never sullied by prostrations before idols. • The Sunnis also use the honorific term Karam Allahu Wajhahu كرم الله وجهه, which means "God's Favor upon his Face."

2. To evaluate the Message 3. To believe in the Message 1. To know the person of the Prophet 5. To enthusiastically spread the Message 4. To face the consequences To Recognize the Truth In accepting Islam The Most Worthy Endeavor

Conversion, and Hanif حنيف • The reason his acceptance is often not called a conversion, • is because Ali was never an idol worshiper like the people of Mecca. • Ali was known to have broken idols in the mold of Abraham • and asked people why they worshiped something they made themselves. • Ali's grandfather, it is acknowledged without controversy, • along with some members of the Benu Hashim clan, were Hanifs, • Hanif means followers of a monotheistic belief system, prior to the coming of Islam.

With the Advent of Islam • For three years Muhammad invited people to Islam in a confidential manner, • Many people thus converted to Islam but confidentially. • Then Muhammad was commanded by God to start inviting to Islam publicly. • When, according to the Quran, he was commanded to invite his closer relatives to come to Islam • Muhammad gathered the Benu Hashim clan in a ceremony. • Ali, still preteen, was among them

His Brother, Inheritor and Vicegerent • According to al-Tabari, Ibn Athir and Abu al-Fida, • Muhammad announced at invitational events that • whoever assisted him in his invitation would become his brother, inheritor and vicegerent. • Only Ali, who was thirteen or fourteen years old, stepped forward to help him. • This invitation was repeated three times, • but Ali was the only person who answered Muhammad. • Upon Ali's constant and only answer to his call, Muhammad declared that Ali was his brother, inheritor and vicegerent and people must obey him.

Hadith of Warning • Most of the adults present were uncles of Ali and Muhammad, • and Abu Lahab laughed at them and declared to Abu Talib that he must bow down to his own son, as Ali was now his Emir • This event is known as the Hadith of Warning. • During the persecution of Muslims and the boycott of 3 years of the Benu Hashim in Mecca, • Teenager Ali was involved and suffered in the boycott for 3 years, yet he stood firmly in support of Muhammad. • Neither Abu Bakr, nor Omar, neither Uthman were involved in the boycott or suffered by it.

To Declare Islam Publicly, Muhammad gives a Party to his Relatives Asking who would support him in his task? None volunteered except the 13 Yr old Ali Muhammad designates Ali Ali as designated by Muhammad as: the deputy, and the brother, the one to succeed him Ali at age 13 yrs

Muhammad asked in the Party: “Who would then uphold me so that he becomes: My Brother, My Deputy, and the One to Succeed me?” فأيكم يؤازرني على هذا الأمرعلى أن يكون: أخي ووصيِّ وخليفتي فيكم؟ At age 13 yrs

Ali designated by Muhammad as: the brother أخي the one to succeed وخليفتي فيكم the deputy ووصيِّ

The Panorama of Ecstasy • Ali was in ecstasy about: • The Quranic Revelations coming to the Prophet frequently • He knew of each revelation: meaning, time, place, and its chronological order • About ¾ of the Holy Quran had been revealed by the Hijrah • Ali 10 yr old, happy to see Abu Bakr and many others embracing Islam. • The Prophet’s designation of 13 yr old Ali as his brother, deputy, the one to succeed him. • Ali 16 yr old, and the conversion of the 27 yr old Omar to Islam • In high ecstasy about the Prophet’s Israa and Mi’raaj, Ali about 19 yrs old • In ecstasy and hope, Ali 23 yr old, happy about: • the agreement with the Ansaars for Muhammad to reside in Medina • and leave the hotbed of vindictive attitude against Islam by Quraish

The Panorama of Anguish • Ali was Anguished about: • The degrading treatment dealt to Muslims by Quraish. • The obsession of Abu Lahab against Muhammad. • The hurts dealt to Bilal and Ammar’s family. • His brother, Ja’far, and Muslims having to leave to Abyssinia. • The agony of the 3 Yr boycott, leading to the death of • Khadijah and • Abu Talib • The failure of Ta'if’s Mission. • The Quraish hegemony and vindictive attitude. • The danger for the very life of the Prophet in Mecca.

Migration to Medina • With arrangement and invitation of the Muslims of Medina, Muhammad ordered Muslims of Mecca to migrate to Medina. • The migration began in batches. Ali was one of the very last to remain in Mecca, • entrusted with responsibility for returning the Trusts to its owners, • and famously slept in the bed of Muhammad when the Quraish led by Ikrima attempted to murder Muhammad as he slept. • Meanwhile Abu Bakr accompanied Muhammad in his migration for Medina. • Due to the danger of the Quraish, they did not take the direct road from Mecca to Medina. • They moved instead in the opposite direction, and took refuge in a cave in Mount Thaur some five miles south of Mecca.

Migration to Medina • In 622, the year of Muhammad's migration to Yathrib (now Medina), • Ali risked his life by sleeping in Muhammad's bed • to impersonate the Prophet and • thwart an assassination plot • so that Muhammad could escape in safety. • This night is called Laylatul Mabeet. • According to some Hadith, a verse was revealed about Ali concerning his sacrifice on the night of Hijrah, which says, ومن الناس من يشري نفسه ابتغاء مرضاة الله "And among men is he who sells his self in exchange for the pleasure of Allah"

Laylatul Mabeet ليلة المـبـيـت • Ali survived the plot, • but risked his life again by staying in Mecca to carry out Muhammad's instructions: • to restore to their owners all the goods and properties • that had been entrusted to Muhammad for safekeeping. • Ali then went to Medina • with his mother Fatima daughter of Asad, • and Fatima daughter of Muhammad, • Fatima daughter of Hamza, • and Fatima daughter of Zubair, • having no guards or guides.

At Qu’baa, Ali welcomed by the Prophet • The Prophet waited for about two weeks in Qubaa, • Seeing Ali from a distance, the Prophet welcomes Ali and the 4 Fatimas enthusiastically, • Ali was exhausted, for he had finished the journey of about 300 miles, walking, in two weeks. • The Prophet was very happy for Ali, • Ali’s feet were swollen from the arduous walking, the 300 miles, • The family is safe in Medina, thanks to the Almighty.

Al-Masjid al-Nabawi • In Medina, Muhammad decided to construct a mosque immediately. • A piece of land was chosen and the price of the land was paid for by Abu Bakr. • Uthman had also contributed toward the construction • Muslims constructed the mosque collectively • The Prophet himself participated in the construction • Ali also took part in the construction.

Replica of al-Masjid al-Nabawi

al-Masjid al-Nabawi Nowadays

Brotherhood-in-Faith • When Muhammad arrived in Medina, he paired off • Each Meccan immigrant (Muhaajir) was to be with one of the Muslim residents of the city (Ansaari), • He chose one exception: and that was to pair off himself with Ali, since both were from Mecca, as Brothers-in-Faith • as Brothers-in-Faith was a unique distinction and honor for Ali. • The only two Muhajiroon were Muhammad and Ali as Brothers-in Faith • Muhammad therefore fulfills the 1st pledge of the 3 points about Ali: • the brother, • and the deputy, • and the one to succeed him: إنّ هذا أخي ووصيّ وخليفتي فيكم ، فاسمعوا له وأطيعوا

Ali up to Hijrah

Brief Review • Ali ibn Abi Talib (Arabic: علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب); • was the cousin of the Prophet (pbuh) • and he was the son-in-law of the Prophet, • Ali Khilaafah was from 656 to 661. • Sunni Muslims consider Ali the fourth and final of the Rashidoon (rightly guided Khalifa), • Shi'a Muslims regard Ali as the first Imam and consider him and his descendants the rightful successors to Muhammad, all of which are members of the Ahlul Bayt, the household of Muhammad. • This disagreement split the Ummah (Muslim community) into the Sunni and Shi'a branches.

Brief Review, Continued • Ali migrated to Medina shortly after Muhammad did. • Once there Muhammad told Ali that God had ordered him to give his daughter, Fatima, to Ali in marriage. • For the ten years that Muhammad led the community in Medina, Ali was extremely active in his service, • leading parties of warriors on battles, • and carrying messages and orders. • Ali took part in the early raids against caravans from Mecca • and later in almost all the battles fought by the early Muslim community.

Brief Review, Continued • In Muslim culture, Ali is respected: • for his courage, knowledge, belief, honesty, unbending devotion to Islam, deep loyalty to Muhammad, • equal treatment of all Muslims, and for his generosity in forgiving his defeated enemies, • and therefore Ali is central to mystical traditions in Islam such as Sufism. • Ali retains his stature as an authority on: • Quranic exegesis, Islamic jurisprudence and religious thought. • Ali holds a high position in almost all Sufi orders which trace their lineage through him to Muhammad. • Ali's influence has thus continued throughout Islamic history.

In Sermon 109, page 162,Ali about Muhammad’s Look at Life

In Conclusion • Ali from birth up to the Hijrah • Acceptance of Islam • His Brother, Inheritor and Vicegerent • The Panorama of Ecstasy • The Panorama of Anguish • Laylatul Mabeet ليلة المـبـيـت • Brotherhood-in-Faith

Finally we quote the Quran:

THANK YOU Be in God’s Care Dr. A.S. Hashim

Ali (a.s.) Up to the Hijrah