BACK TO BASICS

1. BACK TO BASICS Philosophy that focuses on what we should teach: Essentialism Theory of how learning occurs: Behaviorism Dawn Cychosz Marie Dove Melanie Pryor Julie Ryan Brooke Tryan

2. PART I Onephilosophy that focuses on what we should teach: Essentialism

3. Key Proponents of Essentialism • Theodore Sizer • Diane Ravitch • Chester Finn • Arthur Bestor • William Bagley • E.D. Hirsch

4. William Bagley  (1874-1946) • 1896 began studying at University of Chicago in education and learning field. • Earned doctorate degree in education and psychology from Cornell University in 1900. • Introduction of essentialism in education in the 1930’s. • Author of textbook, Classroom Management (1907). ~ text described effectives ways for beginning teachers to effectively control the classroom. ~ text was viewed as a strict chain-of- command. • Social efficiency was the ultimate aim in Bagley’s point of view.

5. E.D. Hirsch (1928-present) • Earned a doctorate degree from Yale in 1957. • Hirsch began his teaching career as an English Professor and was a scholar of the romantic poets. • Wordsworth and Schelling were two of his early publications. • Core Knowledge Series were published in 1997. • Books focused on the content that needed to be taught to the different elementary grade levels. • “Learning builds on learning.”The more a person knows,the more a person can learn. • Existing knowledge is “mental vecro” that allows additional knowledgeto become attached to it.

6. Essentialism in the classroom… Followed on the heels of the 1960-1970’s educational direction of humanistic “Equality” and became the 1980’s educational direction of “Excellence”

7. Essentialism in the classroom… Emphasizes intellect and moralstandards Schools prepare students to be valuable members of society Students should be taught respect for authority, discipline and hard work

8. What is the focus of the curriculum? Rigorous academics that focused on core subjects Reading, ‘Riting and ‘Rithmetic Subjects like art, music, P.E., some science, andsocial studies suffered Reading Writing Arithmetic

9. What is the focus of the curriculum? Students are taught factual information, leaving little place for vocational training.

10. What is the focus of the curriculum? The teacher and administrators decide what is best for the student… limiting student creativity.

11. What is the focus of the curriculum? Students are rated academically by testing. Schools with this philosophy encourage academic competition, leading to longer school days, school years, and more challenging text books.

12. What is the focus of the curriculum? The philosophy of essentialism increased as schools had to comply with state mandated testing requirements.

13. PART II One theory of how learning occurs: BEHAVIORISM

14. Key Proponents of Behaviorism • John Watson • B.F. Skinner • E.L. Thorndike • Albert Bandura • Ivan Pavlov

15. Albert Bandura  (1925-present)  • Psychology degree from University of British Columbia in 1949.  Ph. D. from University of Iowa in 1952. • Behaviorist tradition and learning theory • Theory of personality: one’s environment causes one’s behavior. • Environment causes behavior, but behavior also influences environment.  • Coined the term “Reciprocal determinism:” the world and a person’s behavior cause each other. • Observational Learning or modeling, the “bobo doll studies.” • His theory is called social learning theory. “Of the many cues that influence behavior, at any point in time, none is more common that the action of others”

16. Ivan Pavlov(1849-1936)  • Russian researcher • Professor of physiologyat the Military MedicalAcademy in Germany. • 1900’s began studyingthe salivary response reflexes. • Pavlovian/classical conditioning builds on reflexes.

17. Behaviorism… Behavior in a classroom is controlled by the consequences of that behavior. Uses positive reinforcers to increase the likelihood that behavior will be displayed again.

18. Behaviorism… Observational learning: learning by copying thebehavior of a model such as a teacher, friend, peer, etc. Behavior is shaped by nature and the forces of the environment.

19. Behaviorism… Behavior is not determined by own free will, but by others.  Morality and information is learned by shaping desirable behavior.

20. Character Development • In a nutshell, Behaviorist believe that most behavior is learned, and it can be unlearned or relearned. • This learning theory is used to achieve a desired behavior. • Students learn to change their behavior to satisfy what they have learned to be valuable. • Students learn to avoid behaviors that led to unpleasant consequences. • Behavior that goes unrewarded will often be extinguished.

21. Two Teaching Methods of Behaviorism • Contracts…The teacher and student design a contract that will give details of what is expected of the student (i.e. behavior or homework) and what the consequences will be if the contract is not met. • Consequences… occur immediately after behavior . • Positive reinforcement use to increase good work or behavior. For example, smiling at a response, praising student s’ ability to parents, commending for work well done. • Negative reinforcement is not a bad consequence, but a negative reaction to good work or behavior. For example, no spelling test if you make 100 on pretest, or drop lowest grade if all work is completed on time. • Punishment is a strong stimulus that decreases the undesirable behavior. • Extinction is eliminating undesirable behaviors by simply following policy that holds student accountable.

22. Teaching Method Teachers model what they teach student learns to be late, because he observes his teacher is always late. Teachers use shaping to change the quality of a response rewards for class coming in and sitting quietly. Teachers use cueing methods raise your hand before you answer

23. Teaching Method • Uses repetition to aid in learning. • Uses repetition to aid in learning. • Uses repetition to aid in learning.

24. Group Conclusion on Essentialism and Behaviorism • It is our opinion that essentialism, combined with other approaches, can create stronger academic students with strong character and work ethics. • Our group agrees that learning is far more complicated than sticking to a routine, or following a set of responses . • The theory of how we learn, behaviorism, can be beneficial as a short term tool…but, for the long term, an interesting curriculum and attention to individual learning needs will maintain and sustain learning.

25. References • http://www.enotes.com/1980-education-american-decades • http://www.bookrags.com/biography/william-chandler-bagley/ • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._D._Hirsch,_Jr. • http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/beh.html • http://www.newfoundations.com/GALLERY/Hirsch.html • http://www.helium.com/items/424989-the-five-key-educational-philosophies • http://www.skillstart.com/ncemlyn%20lathe%20sm.jpg • http://community.thetimes-tribune.com/cfs-filesystemfile.ashx/__key/CommunityServer.Components.UserFiles/00.00.00.21.06/121208coletoon.jpg • http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://blog.syracuse.com/family/2008/08/mathtest.jpg&imgrefurl=http://blog.syracuse.com/family/2008/08/dumb_idea_standardized_test_fo.html&usg • http://projects.coe.ugs.edu/epltt/index.php?title=Behaviorism • http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_QdHn8FT7SdY/R6vvK11vgPI/AAAAAAAABDk/-bIOw9_46fI/s400/nutshellTITLE.jpg