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Sustainable food production and consumption in city evolution of South West Nigeria

Sustainable food production and consumption in city evolution of South West Nigeria. Postgraduate Conference 25 February, 2011 University of Lincoln. Timothy, O. Odeyale , (PhD Candidate in Architecture) Dr B. Sodagar, Prof. N. Temple & Dr. C. O’Coill

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Sustainable food production and consumption in city evolution of South West Nigeria

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  1. Sustainable food production and consumption incity evolution of South West Nigeria Postgraduate Conference 25 February, 2011 University of Lincoln Timothy, O. Odeyale, (PhD Candidate in Architecture) Dr B. Sodagar, Prof. N. Temple & Dr. C. O’Coill Lincoln School of Architecture, University of Lincoln, United Kingdom

  2. Exploring the relationship between food production & consumption and sustainable city growth in sub Saharan Africa How the city has evolved through the agency of food

  3. Theoretical Perspectives There exist strong connectionsbetween food production and architecture/ urban planning, but these relationships have not been fully explored in literature in terms of the developing world (Steel, 2008; Gordon, 1990; Chimbowu and Gumbo, 1993; Greenhow, 1994) Need for a reinterpretation of sustainability in Africa context. 3

  4. Problems Loss of biodiversity reduce access to water, food production, health and shelter for people especially in Africa Rapid population increase over the past 50 years and it is estimated to rise to over 7.5 and 8.3 billon before 2025 Huge population require food that must be produced in a sustainable way because the earth land mass is fixed. Global Challenges Tim Odeyale

  5. Undernourished People - Region Fig 2: Estimated number of undernourished people, by region, 1995 - 1997 Source: FAO (1999)

  6. Source: Egenter (2002)

  7. Research Opportunity “Developing countries offer some deep challenges to the goals of providing for basic needs and decent quality of life in an environmentally and socially responsible way. Most research and development interventions focus on understanding and addressing these challenges, often grounding solutions in precedents from the so-called developed world. However, researchers seldom ask what it is that this countries and their traditions can offer to the sustainable discourses” Du Plessis, 2010

  8. Research Questions What are the roles played by food activities in shaping urban structure, (food practices, processes, production, transportation and cultural practices) in Sub Saharan Africa in the past, present and future? Whatare the inter-dependency function or relationship between market and city and how this relationship is being adapted by the city’s rapid growth and modernization? 8

  9. Research framework Farms Land Other Markets Food Processing Food distribution Food market (main) Built Environment Traditional Institutions Globalization Food Ritual Post Colonial Food Culture Homes Attitude Food Transportation Infrastructure

  10. Sub-Saharan Africa & Nigeria Background The Federal Republic of Nigeria occupies a total area of 923,768 km2 between latitudes 4o15’N (the Southern tip of the Niger delta on the Atlantic Ocean) and 13o55’N (the North-Western frontier with Niger) and between longitudes 2o45’E (the Southern frontier with Benin) and 14o40’E (the Northern frontier with Cameroon).

  11. Relationship between food & cities • Relationship between food and cities and how to measure their sustainability • Attention to sociocultural issues of the study area, such as review of historical, spatial and anthropological models • How food has shaped the African society, including the intentions, rituals and notions.

  12. Urbanization and city transformation in Africa • Urbanization process include transition from the past to the present, considering the process/ nature of the transformation and how food issues are intertwined in the context of built environment. • To articulate how the idea of historical context impact on the issue of sustainability and to what extent has the issues of taboo, rituals and continuity or persistent of traditional practices affect the present and future sustainable city in Africa • Present discourse on built environment sustainability in sub Saharan Africa which are presently interpreted and based on western construct

  13. CONCEPTUAL DIAGRAM Political & Power Structure Socio-cultural institutions • culture • myths • metaphysical • Pre-colonial • Post colonial • Current People Urban Space Food Production • Low income • Housing • Preferences • Farmland • Territory • Vegetation • globalization • Market B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T

  14. Most of Nigeria has a tropical climate with warm temperatures throughout the year. The average annual temperature in the north is about 29oC & south is 27oC, (daily temperatures may rise above 38oC). Precipitation is greatest in the South. The rainy season lasts from April to October in most parts of Nigeria Study Area: NIGERIA

  15. Land Use Pattern & Analysis Core

  16. Before 1920 1920 - 1950 1975 - 2010 1950 - 1975

  17. Study Area: Akure Metropolis Inner Core – 1-4 Outer Core – 5-8 Periphery – 9-12

  18. Types of Food markets in Sub- Saharan Africa Periodic (Cycle) Non Periodic (non Cycle) Boundary Specialty Neighbourhood

  19. Field Survey During the survey 400 questionnaires were administered to different respondents of various age range, with a 75.75% return rate or 303 responses. All the 303 respondents are also given separate lead interviews in addition to the questions in the questionnaire. Specific key members among the of the survey respondents are identified and further interviewed based on the initial lead interview

  20. Analysis: Layers and Hierarchies

  21. Analysis of Data Collected • Figure 1 and 2 shows the division of sample according to age classification of respondents accordingly. 64% of the members of the sample belong to the age group (31-50). This forms the majority of the market users in the Akure. Therefore, the older categories over fifty years old represent the remaining 36% of survey respondents. These indicate the vibrancy and social interaction that takes place at central market and other adjoining markets in the study area Fig.1 Age Range Fig.2 Socio-economic Classifications

  22. Analysis of Data Collected • Figure 3 shows the division of the sample according to sex. 49% of the members of the sample were female and 51% male. • The gender divide in the sample is approximately even; this was not intended but will allows for effective generalization and prevents sample bias when discussing results. • The gender divide in the sample may not be representative of whole gender of the city.

  23. Analysis of Data Collected • Figure 4 shows the distribution of the sample of individuals according to education category. • Approximately 40% of the members of the sample belong to low education category (this includes no education at all -10%; primary education- 9%; secondary education -11% and post primary or technical education- 7%). • On the other hand over 60 % have post secondary, university education or its equivalent among the sample population. Akure is a university city and the above figure and table is a reflection of the impact of western form of education in a traditional city.

  24. Summary from the Survey • Participants during the survey were asked about their preferences and satisfaction with the main market (Central market) and other markets in the environ, in terms of • 1) travel time, • 2) distance of their home from the market, • 3) choice of food (traditional or contemporary), • 4) adequacy of infrastructures such as road, water supply, waste disposal, toilet facilities and parking spaces, • 5) means of transporting food to the market, • 6) health issues relating to the market • 7), types of building material used, • 8) security and safety measure, 9) Cleanliness/Disease control of food, • 10) quality of space in and around the market in your area, 11) distribution of food, • 12) location of different markets, 13) recent government intervention in relocating markets, • 14) Affordability and availability of foodstuffs, • 15) Traffic and noise level • 16) benefit to the community life.

  25. Research Findings The respondents’ view suggests satisfaction with some level of improvement with new look of the Erekesan market but tends to prefer the traditional outlook of the market. Some of the respondent disagree with the choice of design by the architect that shows new European look, they suggest the architect should have provide ‘more friendly’ design that does not preclude the traditional market women of the Central market A close view of the various responses by the market users suggests strong dissatisfactions with the present physical and social infrastructure

  26. ResearchFindings • The study identified developmental issues include lack of planning on the part of the government, • lack of coordination among the developmental agencies responsible for social amenities, • failing infrastructures in the market, • poor housing condition especially the low income earner due to large amount spent on food • deprivation of agricultural land • Some of the interview conducted highlights the loss of agricultural land to residential layout), threat to remaining agricultural land through indiscriminate acquisition of land by government and educational institutional in the city

  27. Boundary Market

  28. Research Findings and the Investigation… • The city structure include aspects on the economy of the market, the prevailing tribal, regional and national political and socio-economic condition of the study area • Clarifications on how these socio-political cum economic structures works and to what extent they overlap each other in the sustainability of the urban life and the built environment in sub Saharan Africa. • Issues on the economics of the markets, need to reflect market financing, traditional/local transactions, ‘transparent and behind the scene’ transactions, declared and undeclared tax systems. • Market in relation to the king’s palace and the city, power and authority and the concept of the abstract market. How the markets actually works, official and non-official. • The political dimension of food is central to the people and the development of the built environment

  29. YEAR ONE YEAR TWO YEAR THREE RES. PROPOSAL LITERATURE REVIEW METHODOLOGY FIELD WORK 1 REVIEWS & FORMULATIONS FIELD WORK 2 DATA ANALYSIS 1 & 2 TESTING & VALIDATION THESIS WRITING THESIS SUBMISSION VIVA & FINAL SUBMISSION 2010 2011 2009 2012 Research Milestone

  30. Conclusion Understanding of the socio-cultural, economic, political and religious role of food activities in the sustainability discourse that shapes sustainable behaviour is paramount in study of the built environment and the future of the city The socio-political dimension of food is central to the people and the sustainable growth of the built environment

  31. Peace to Africa Thank you …

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