Presentation Transcript

1. TEST #3 Notes

   Civil War and Reconstruction VUS.6-7
2. Economic and Political Differences of the North and South Northern economy was based on the developing industry The north supported tariffs to protect their growing industry The dominant economic and social class comprised : merchants manufacturers bankers, and professionals Southern economy was based on plantation farming and slave labor—cotton The agricultural south opposed tariffs that raised the prices on imports
3. Debate over the extension of slavery Before the Civil War, a debate existed on whether or not slavery should extend westward or stay isolated in the south The Northwest Ordinance (1781) helped slavery extend westward—new states below the Ohio River could become slave states The demand for cotton solidified the need for slavery to keep up with the demand for cotton Whitney’s cotton gin had made cotton cheap Industrial revolution was churning out lots of cotton textiles
4. Debate over States’ Rights Another debate looming over the nation on the eve of the Civil War was the rights belonging to the states Many states still wanted to have more power over federal decisions Many states disliked the power of the federal government These debates will eventually come to a head in South Carolina in the 1830s—the Nullification of South Carolina
5. Nullification of South Carolina Controversy over states’ rights 1820s : Pres. Jackson came up with tariffs on all foreign goods The tariffs were designed to protect America’s fledgling industry The South did not like the tariffs because the south relied heavily on imported goods John C. Calhoun—a southern complainer who believed in old idea set forth in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (1798) An idea that stated that states do not have to follow federal law if the states believed the federal government was exceeding its powers under the Constitution
6. Nullification of South Carolina 1832: Congress passed another series of high tariffs on European goods Politicians in South Carolina became very upset The South Carolinian politicians nullified the tariffs They refused to follow the federal law saying the state had to pay the tariffs South Carolina also threatened to secede (leave the Union) if they were forced to pay Dec. 1832: Pres. Jackson was ready to send federal troops into South Carolina to force South Carolina to pay War was avoided when Henry Clay made a compromise between South Carolina and the Jackson Many southern states still believed they had the right to leave the Union if the federal government forced states to follow laws the states did not believe in
7. Abolitionism Many in the US saw slavery as cruel and wanted it to end—Abolitionists Abolitionists wanted to completely end slavery in the United States Most abolitionists were in favor of a slow emancipation so as not to hurt the southern economy Some others were calling for immediate abolishment of slavery, regardless of the impact on southern agriculture Many people—both black, white, male, and female became spokespersons for the ending of slavery
8. Abolitionism William Lloyd Garrison He led the Northerners in their movement to end slavery in the South Spoke against slavery in his newspaper The Liberator He viewed slavery as a violation of Christian principles He criticized the Constitution because it allowed slavery He wanted an immediate end to slavery His supporters formed the AmericanAnti-SlaverySociety Southerners grew alarmed by the growing Anti-Slavery movement in the north
9. William Garrison
10. Abolitionism Harriet Beecher Stowe Connecticut woman who wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin The book was widely read by people in the North and South The book looked at the legal, social, and religious arguments of what many abolitionists were saying
11. Abolitionism Slave revolts in Virginia, led by Nat Turner and Gabriel Prosser fed white southerners’ fears about slave rebellions Nat Turner—a preacher and slave—led a slave rebellion in Southampton County, VA His revolt killed 60 whites The revolt was put down, Turner was arrested and executed Many believed Turner’s revolt was created by abolitionist propaganda Gabriel Prosser was a slave who planned to lead a large revolt in Richmond, VA His plans were leaked, and the revolt never occurred He was hanged The revolts also led to harsh laws in the South against fugitive slaves Southerners who favored abolition were intimidated into silence
12. Nat Turner’s Rebellion
13. Abolitionism Frederick Douglass: Douglass was a former slave—he escaped when he was 21 years old He became a prominent voice for abolition During the Civil War, Douglass urged President Lincoln to recruit former slaves to fight in the Union Army
14. Frederick Douglass
15. Abolitionism Underground Railroad A group of people looking to end slavery A network of people who helped escaped slaves on their way to freedom to the North and Canada The network helped to hide slaves so they could continue their journey northward Many Underground Railroad members were freed slaves
16. Dred Scott Case In March of 1857, the United States Supreme Court declared that all blacks -- slaves as well as free -- were not and could never become citizens of the United States Fugitive Slave Act – required slaves who escaped to free states to be forcibly returned to their owners in the South
17. Dred Scott
18. Extension of Slavery As people moved into the new territories, many people wanted to create new states The question arose on whether these new states could be free or slave A series of compromises—and debates—will erupt on how to settle the arguement
19. Extension of Slavery 1.) Missouri Compromise: Before 1818, there was an equal number of free and slave states There was equal representation in the Senate (2 for each state) 1818: Missouri petitioned to become a slave state Missouri’s entering as a slave state would throw off the balance of power in the Senate in favor of the slave states Slave states would have 2 extra Senators Northerners were concerned about losing power in the Senate Northerners told Missouri that they could only enter as a freestate This demand by Northerners made Southerners really angry Eventually a compromise was made: Missouri would enter as a slave state Maine—formerly Northern Massachusetts—would enter as a free state A line was drawn at 36⁰30’ latitude Territories north of the line could become free states Territories south of the line could become slave states More land was giving to the north than to the south
20. Map of Missouri Compromise
21. Extension of Slavery 2.) Compromise of 1850: By 1850—a balance once again existed between free and slave states (15 free and 15 slave) California wanted to enter as a free state This would shift the balance of power in favor of the free states in the Senate (they would have 2 extra senators) A compromise was created: A.) California would become a free state B.) the territorial governments in Utah and New Mexico would let the people decide on the issue of slavery (popular sovereignty) C.) The slave trade was prohibited in Washington D. C. D.) A new fugitive slave law—allowed federal marshals to assist slaveholders in capturing runaway slaves
22. Extension of Slavery 3.) Kansas-Nebraska Act: 1854: the Kansas-Nebraska Act saw debate in Congress The bill was pushed through Congress by Stephen Douglas of Illinois Douglas wanted to see the territory west of Missouri and Iowa open for settlement He wanted the people in the new territory to be able to decide the issue of slavery for themselves—popular sovereignty 1854: The K-N Act passed, but with lots of debate A.) the Nebraska territory was divided into 2 separate territories—Kansas and Nebraska B.) repealed the prohibition of slavery north of the Missouri Compromise line(36⁰30’)—this would allow slavery to spread further to the North
23. Kansas-Nebraska Act
24. Extension of Slavery 4.) Formation of the Republican Party: Many anti-slavery politicians did not like the Kansas-Nebraska Act because of its disregard for the Missouri Compromise 1854: These politicians broke away and formed the RepublicanParty The Republican Party favored Northern Interests Problems surrounding the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Republican Party will come to a boil in Kansas The Republican party wanted the area in the North to be Free Soil
25. Extension of Slavery 5.) Bloody Kansas--John Brown(in Kansas and VA): Pro and anti-slavery forces went to war with each other in Kansas in 1854 The root of the problem was whether Kansas should enter as a free state or slave state In 1855, John Brown came to Kansas to help fight slavery In 1859, John Brown led 21 men on an attack of the federal arsenal @ Harpers Ferry, VA Brown was trying to create a slave rebellion He was unsuccessful in his attempt, but the south was afraid of future slave uprisings
26. Tragic Prelude by John Steuart Curry, illustrating John Brown and the clash of forces in Bleeding Kansas
27. Extension of Slavery 6.) Lincoln-Douglas Debates 1858: Abraham Lincoln was running against Stephen Douglas for an Illinois Senate Seat Douglas (Democrat) believed in popular sovereignty—let the people decide the issue of slavery Lincoln (Republican) opposed the spread of slavery into new states—keep slavery where it is and do not let it spread Lincoln did not want slavery to extend into the new territories Lincoln warned, “A house divided against itself cannot stand.” The nation could not continue half-free, half-slave. The issue must be resolved. Douglas won the Senate seat by a narrow margin over Lincoln
28. Lincoln-Douglas Debates
29. Women’s Suffrage Movement While the ideas of abolitionism grew, so did the movement to give women equal rights Seneca Falls Declaration Modeled after the Declaration of Independence Called for more equality of women in the US Elizabeth Cady Stanton Principle author of the Seneca Falls Declaration An abolitionists Called for more equality for women Susan B. Anthony She pushed for women’s suffrage in the United States both before and after the Civil War
30. Susan B. Anthony Elizabeth Cady Stanton
31. Causes of the American Civil War Sectional disagreements and debates over tariffs, extension of slavery into the territories, and the nature of the Union (states’ rights) Northern abolitionists versus Southern defenders of slavery United States Supreme Court decision in the Dred Scott case Publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe Ineffective presidential leadership in the 1850s A series of failed compromises over the expansion of slavery in the territories
32. Secession of the South Several factors contributed to many southern states seceding from the Union 1.) Election of 1860: The presidential election in 1860 was the catalyst for southern secession Abraham Lincoln was elected president with only 40% of the popular vote Many in the south did not want Lincoln (Republican) because he had the same ideas as many in the North After the election, South Carolina seceded Other states soon followed—Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas These seceded states formed their own nation—the Confederacy
33. Election of 1860
34. Abraham Lincoln in 1860
35. Secession of the South 2.) Fort Sumter: The opening confrontation of the Civil War The fort was located in Charlestown, SC The Confederacy wanted the fort to drive Union troops out of the South Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee seceded and joined the Confederacy The bloody Civil War had officially began
36. Union Advantages 1.) More resources More $ to finance the war effort 2.) More industry Most factories were in the north These factories could produce what the union needed Uniforms, weapons, shoes, ammunition, etc. Most rail lines were located in the north 3.) Larger population North—22 million South—9 million 4.) Union was able to keep many border states from seceding 5.) Union had the support of many in the South who were against secession Many in SW Virginia, Eastern Tennessee, and Western NC did not support secession
37. Confederate Advantages 1.) Generals were better trained Many had fought against Mexico in the Mexican-American War Gained leadership and military experience 2.) Soldiers were more experienced with horses, guns, and the terrain Most were farmers with their own horses and guns Most of the fighting occurred in the south 3.) Soldiers were defending their homes and land
38. Key Leaders and their roles Abraham Lincoln: President of the United States during the Civil War, who insisted that the Union be held together, by force if necessary Jefferson Davis: U.S. senator who became president of the Confederate States of America Ulysses S. Grant: Union military commander, who won victories over the South after several other Union commanders had failed Robert E. Lee: Confederate general of the Army of Northern Virginia (Lee opposed secession, but did not believe the Union should be held together by force), who urged Southerners to accept defeat and unite as Americans again, when some Southerners wanted to fight on after Appomattox Frederick Douglass: Former enslaved African American who became a prominent abolitionist and who urged Lincoln to recruit former enslaved African Americans to fight in the Union army
39. Jefferson Davis Ulysses S. Grant
40. Robert E. Lee
41. Major Events of the Civil War 1.) Battle of Antietam—Emancipation Proclamation: The Confederacy lost the battle @ Antietam Sept. 22, 1862: Pres. Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation after the battle @ Antietam The document freed slaves located in the “rebelling” states (Confederate states) The document made the abolition of slavery a Northern war aim It also was issued to discourage any interference of foreign governments in the Civil War The document also allowed for the enlistment of African American soldiers into the Union Army Emancipation Proclamation
42. Major Events of the Civil War 2.) Gettysburg : Confederate General Robert E. Lee attempt to attack the North at Gettysburg Lee’s advance into Pennsylvania was unsuccessful The Confederate Army was forced to retreat back to the South The battle had the highest number of casualties of any battle The Confederate Army lost roughly 28,000 men This battle has been called the Turning Point of the war From this battle on, the South was on the run and retreating from the Union Army
43. Major Events of the Civil War 3.) Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address: Lincoln gave the speech at the cemetery for those who had died in the Battle of Gettysburg on Nov. 19, 1863 Lincoln described the Civil War as a struggle to preserve a nation that was dedicated to the proposition that “all men are created equal” and that was ruled by a government “of the people, by the people, and for the people.” Lincoln believed America was “one nation,” not a collection of sovereign states Southerners believed that states had freely joined the Union and could freely leave.
44. Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V4bM9geY0do
45. Major Events of the Civil War 4.) Appomattox: Battle where the Civil War ended in 1865 The Confederacy (army of N. VA led by Lee) surrendered to Grant (Union) The Union (North) had won the war The surrender occurred at Appomattox Court House Grant structured the treaty settlements as not to be too harsh on the Confederacy Southern soldiers could go home if they pledged to fight no more Southern officers could keep their pistols (a sign of rank) and the men could keep their horses
46. Economic Impact of the Civil War 1.) North Experience economic prosperity Developed strong economies based on industry This industrial growth laid the foundation for the US become a strong industrial nation in the 20th Century The North also began to expand westward with the help of new railroads—Transcontinental Railroad
47. Economic Impact of the Civil War 2.) South The economy of the South suffered greatly after the war Farms, railroads, and factories had been destroyed Confederate money was worthless Many towns and cities had been destroyed With the outlawing of slavery, not enough labor existed to continue large scale cotton production The south would remain agricultural The south would be the poorest section of the nation for many decades after the war
48. The War’s effect on people 1.) African Americans The Emancipation Proclamation will allow for the enlistment into the Union Army After the war, former slaves will gain their freedom Many former slaves will move into Union territories 2.) Common Soldiers Wrote many letters and diaries illustrating the horrors of war After the war, many southern soldiers returned home to find destroyed homes and farms Many soldiers on both sides had to live with disabilities—physical scars (loss of limbs, etc.) and mental scars 3.) Women Managed homes and families with few resources during the war Women were often faced with poverty and hunger Forced to assume new roles in agriculture, nursing, and industries
49. Reconstruction After the Civil War ended, the question loomed over what to do with the South Many Northerners began to develop plans for reconstructing the South
50. Reconstruction Lincoln’s Plan: Lincoln believed that secession was illegal Since it was illegal, Lincoln believed the Confederate states had never really left the Union “with malice towards none, with charity for all……to bind up the nation’s wounds” Lincoln believed the federal government should NOT punish the south Unfortunately, Lincoln will never see if his plan will be put into place He is assassinated just a few days after Lee’s surrender at Appomattox
51. Lincoln near the end of the War
52. Reconstruction Andrew Johnson’s Actions Johnson became President after Lincoln’s assassination Many expected Johnson to be harsh on the South Instead, he took on a plan very similar to Lincoln’s Johnson made the Radical Republicans very angry by following a plan like Lincoln’s Johnson wanted to re-establish relations with the Confederacy 1865: he issued the ReconstructionProclamation Pardoned all Confederate states if they signed an oath of loyalty to the Union By Dec. 1865, all Confederate States—except Texas—had met Johnson’s requirements These states would also get representation in Congress
53. President Andrew Johnson
54. Reconstruction Radical Republican Plan They were developing reconstruction plans in the early 1860s Wanted a plan to be more punitive (punishing) to the south The states that seceded were not allowed back into the Union immediately Put the South under military occupation (martial law) Divided the South into 5 military districts, each under command of a general Believed in giving voting rights and other civil rights to African Americans in the south
55. Reconstruction When Congress reconvened in Dec. 1865 (dominated by Radical Republicans), they would not allow the representative from the former Confederate states to take their seats Congress passed the Reconstruction Acts These laws reversed much of what Johnson had done with his reconstruction plan Divided the south into 5 military districts Each district was occupied by federal troops Leadership of the south was in the hands of Congress Many northerners saw military presence in the south as necessary to make social and political changes
56. Reconstruction—Amendments to the Constitution The Radical Republicans passed 3 amendments designed to give African Americans more freedom 13th Amendment Slavery was abolished permanently in the US 14th Amendment States were prohibited from denying equal rights under the law to any American 15th Amendment Voting rights were guaranteed regardless of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude” (former slaves)
57. Many white southerners did not like the new Constitutional Amendments Congress also said that states could not discriminate against African Americans But Congress said nothing about businesses and individuals discriminating against African Americans Many southerners began finding ways to keep African Americans from having equal rights A.) Sharecropping An agricultural system that developed from the Cotton Plantation system after the Civil War Landlords would provide land, seeds, and credit Croppers (usually former slaves) did the labor and received part of the money earned from selling the crops B.) Ku Klux Klan A terrorist organization developed in the South during Reconstruction At first, the KKK went after the Republican Reconstruction Policy KKK also mistrusted freed slaves
58. Cotton Sharecroppers
59. C.) Black Codes Many whites in the South did not want freed slaves to have equal rights to whites Many states started to pass Black Codes These were “laws” designed to keep freed slaves from having rights Freed slaves could only buy land in rural areas Freed slaves could not preach without a license Freed slaves had to sign annual contracts for work
60. Postwar views of Key Civil War Leaders Ulysses S. Grant Urged radical Republicans not to be harsh with former Confederates Was elected president and served during most of Reconstruction Advocated rights for the freedman Opposed retribution directed at the defeated South
61. Postwar views of Key Civil War Leaders Robert E. Lee Urged Southerners to reconcile and rejoin the United States Served as president of Washington College (Washington & Lee University today) Emphasized the importance of education to the nation’s future
62. Postwar views of Key Civil War Leaders Frederick Douglass Supported full equality for African Americans Advocated for the passage of the 14th and 15th Amendments Encouraged federal government actions to protect the rights of freedmen in the South Served as ambassador to Haiti and in the civil service
63. Impeachment of President Johnson Pres. Johnson was not in favor of giving freed slaves the same rights as whites He did not support much of the equality legislation handed down by Congress He was in favor of many Southern governments’ Black Codes He did little to stop or place controls over the KKK The Radical Republicans became highly upset at Johnson when he refused to follow the TenureofOfficeAct
64. Impeachment of President Johnson The Tenure of Office Act: Required Senate approval for the removal of cabinet members Designed to keep the President from removing anyone from the cabinet that he may not like 1868: Johnson fired Secretary of War Edwin Stanton without the Senate’s approval Johnson and Stanton rarely agreed on most issues The House of Representatives voted to impeach Johnson on 11 counts of misconduct—including violating the Tenure of Office Act Johnson was acquitted by 1 vote
65. Edwin Stanton
66. Compromise of 1877 1876: two men were running for president Rutherford B. Hayes—Republican and supported by the Radical Republicans Samuel Tilden—Democrat from the south Tilden won the election, but a dispute arose over electoral votes in South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana A special electoral commission was created to solve the problem The commission gave the election to the Republican candidate Hayes
67. Samuel Tilden Rutherford B. Hayes
68. Compromise of 1877 To get the southern Democrats to agree to Hayes as president, a compromise was create—Compromise of 1877 The Republicans promised to remove federal troops from the South The Southern Democrats promised to accept Hayes as President The Compromise ended the Reconstruction period in the south but ushered in the “Jim Crow” period where Southern states began to deny African Americans their full rights of citizenship
69. Jim Crow Laws Laws passed after 1890 that were designed to segregate (separate) blacks and whites Blacks were forced to ride in separate rail cars Blacks had to use different restrooms than whites Blacks had to eat in different sections of restaurants 1896: Plessy v. Ferguson The Supreme Court ruled that segregation was legal as long as the facilities were equal Video on Plessy v. Ferguson and the Jim Crow Era