Collages Source-6 S Page-1

1. Collages Source-6S Page-1 • The Muslims invented the concept of collage as a way to get additional learning • In Europe collages were not built until the thirteen hundreds. • When European collages started appearing, they were modeled after the collages that Were built in Arabia Henry V Stone

2. Mathematics Source-6S Page-1 • The Arabs invented both algebra as well as trigonometry. • They also made huge leaps in the area of fractions and geometry. • They used their mathematical knowledge to develop magnifying lenses. • Invented the number 0. Henry V Stone

3. Books Source-6S Page-1 • While Europe was in the dark ages, cities in Arabia translated books in order to make large libraries for learning. • Churches in Europe would be lucky if they had a dozen books, meanwhile in Cordoba, Spain there were over 500,000 books. • Many famous Grecian and Roman texts were translated into Arabic. Henry V Stone

4. Science Source-6S Page-1 • Scientific developments occurred due to the congregation of scientific minds in Bagdad in order to question the scientific works of others. • The Arabs invented the scientific method as well as many scientific terms such as alcohol, alembic, alkali, and elixir Henry V Stone

5. Medicine Source-5S Page-1 • The Arabs used herbal medicines to treat disease and illness. • Realized that illness is carried by small creatures in the air • Were the first to separate and quarantine people who have illnesses. • First to remove cataracts from the eye through sugary. Henry V Stone

6. Al-Khwarizmi Source-7S Page-1 • Name indicates that his family may have come from south of the Arial sea. • Lived during the Abbasid dynasty. • Born c780 • Died c850 Henry V Stone

7. Al-Khwarizmi Source-7S Page-1 • He was a scholar at the house of wisdom • He worked with colleagues called the Banu Musa. • Translated works of Grecian science into Arabic. • Made contributions to Geometry, Math, and Astronomy Henry V Stone

8. Al-Khwarizmi Source-7S Page-1 • Full name was (Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi) • Worked for Al-Mamun. • Had two texts dedicated to the caliph. • He wrote Hisab al-jabr w'al-muqabala Henry V Stone

9. Al-Khwarizmi Source-7q Page-1 • “When I consider what people generally want in calculating, I found that it always is a number. I also observed that every number is composed of units, and that any number may be divided into units. Moreover, I found that every number which may be expressed from one to ten, surpasses the preceding by one unit: afterwards the ten is doubled or tripled just as before the units were: thus arise twenty, thirty, etc. until a hundred: then the hundred is doubled and tripled in the same manner as the units and the tens, up to a thousand; ... so forth to the utmost limit of numeration.” Henry V Stone

10. Al-Khwarizmi Source-7s Page-1 • Discovered that functions maintain equality when any number is subtracted or added to both sides, his names for this operation were al-jabr and al-muqabala. Henry V Stone

11. Al-Khwarizmi Source-7q Page-1 • “a square and 10 roots are equal to 39 units. The question therefore in this type of equation is about as follows: what is the square which combined with ten of its roots will give a sum total of 39? The manner of solving this type of equation is to take one-half of the roots just mentioned. Now the roots in the problem before us are 10. Therefore take 5, which multiplied by itself gives 25, an amount which you add to 39 giving 64. Having taken then the square root of this which is 8, subtract from it half the roots, 5 leaving 3. The number three therefore represents one root of this square, which itself, of course is 9. Nine therefore gives the square.” Henry V Stone

12. Al-Khwarizmi Source-7s Page-1 • Solved quadratic equations using .completing the square. • Used a diagram of a rectangle to draw quadratics. Henry V Stone

13. Al-Khwarizmi Source-7s Page-1 • It is controversial if Al-Khwarizmi’s works stemmed for Euclid's work • He discovered how to multiply linear equations to get quadratics. • Invented the concept of zero as a number and a place holder. • Created methods of arithmetic for the new number system, including a method Henry V Stone

14. Al-Khwarizmi Source-7q Page-1 • “Al-Khwarizmi's algebra is regarded as the foundation and cornerstone of the sciences. In a sense, al-Khwarizmi is more entitled to be called "the father of algebra" than Diophantus because al-Khwarizmi is the first to teach algebra in an elementary form and for its own sake, Diophantus is primarily concerned with the theory of numbers”. Henry V Stone

15. Al-Khwarizmi Source-7q Page-1 • “the decimal place-value system was a fairly recent arrival from India and ... al-Khwarizmi's work was the first to expound it systematically. Thus, although elementary, it was of seminal importance”. Henry V Stone

16. Al-Khwarizmi Source-7s Page-1 • Only the Latin versions of Al-Khwarizmi texts on his numeric system survived to present day. • Al-Khwarizmi made a book of geography based on Ptolemy that listed the longitudes and latitudes of 2402 different locations Henry V Stone

17. Al-Khwarizmi Source-7+3s Page-1 • He wrote several different papers about various instruments and their benefits and flaws. • His system replaced the system of numbers based on base 60. Henry V Stone

18. Al-Khwarizmi Source-7q Page-1 • “In the foremost rank of mathematicians of all time stands Al-Khwarizmi. He composed the oldest works on arithmetic and algebra. They were the principal source of mathematical knowledge for centuries to come in the East and the West. The work on arithmetic first introduced the Hindu numbers to Europe, as the very name algorism signifies; and the work on algebra ... gave the name to this important branch of mathematics in the European world” Henry V Stone

19. Mathematics Source-3s Page-1 • The Arabs are credited with the invention of the Fibonacci sequence as well as the golden ratio. • During the European scientific renaissance many of the Arab mathematical texts were translated into Latin for study in European universities. Henry V Stone

20. Mathematics Source-3s Page-1 • Islamic mathematicians used many graphs and diagrams in their practice • Islamic mathematicians vastly advanced theory on the different conic sections such as parabolas, hyperbolas, and ellipses Henry V Stone

21. Bibliography 3-Covington, Richard. "Rediscovering Arabic Science." Saudi Aramco World May-June 2007: 1-16. Print. 5-Turner, Howard R. "Medicine." Science in Medieval Islam. N.p.: University of Texas Austin, 1995. 131-61. Print. 6-Aftab, Macksood. "How Islam Influenced Science." The Islamic Herald. N.p., May 1995. Web. 27 Oct. 2011. <http://www.ais.org/~bsb/Herald/Previous/95/science.html>. 7-Robertson, E. F., and J. J. O'Connor. "Abu Ja'far Muhammad Ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi." The MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. N.p., July 1999. Web. 1 Nov. 2012. <http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Khwarizmi.html>. Henry V Stone