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ECE 4591 – Design Workshop

ECE 4591 – Design Workshop. Lecture 1: Safety and Protection. The Three Laws of Robotics. A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.

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ECE 4591 – Design Workshop

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  1. ECE 4591 – Design Workshop Lecture 1: Safety and Protection

  2. The Three Laws of Robotics • A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. • A robot must obey the orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. • A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Laws. >> Isaac Asimov <<

  3. Safety • NEVER WORK HOT! • All Design Work must account for Human Exposure to Electric Hazards (Idiot-Proof)

  4. Safe by Design • Safe Design Practices include: • Enclosing Electrical Components to avoid incidental human contact • Providing a Discharge Path for all Energy Storage Devices (like Capacitors) • Design for discharge to under 5V in 2 seconds

  5. Safe Design Procedures (cont.) • Design for Environment • Internal Cooling/Heating (entire exterior must be “touchable”) • Weatherproofing • Hazardous Materials/Containment • Battery Acid • Lead • Oil Peltier Devices – Exploit the Thermoelectric Effect to convert a temperature differential into an electric voltage (Reversible!) Source: commons.wikimedia.org

  6. Safe Design Procedures (cont.) • Kill Switches • Must completely De-Energize Project • If your project is mobile, it will require a Local Kill Switch (Big RED Button, Easily Accessible) Source: Cartek

  7. Remote Kill • A remote Kill Switch could act via one of many “wireless” technologies: Infra-Red, AM Radio, FM Radio, IEEE 802.11g, Bluetooth, etc. • Range and Noise will be issues in the Contest Environment • Example: http://www.kitsrus.com/pdf/k180.pdf • UHF Radio • 2-Channel (Control 2 things) • Relay Backend (Heavy Duty)

  8. Grounding • Grounding too often an ‘Afterthought” • Soild, Reliable Ground Plane eliminates many Noise and Reliability Problems • Ground Plane on Mobile Platform cannot reliably be joined to Earth Ground. (Floating with Respect to Earth) Induced Voltages on Vehicle must be considered when designing and maintaining Vehicle

  9. Proper Grounding (Bonding) • Good Example of Terminating a Ground Wire (or any wire) – Be aware of Vibration!

  10. Proper Grounding (Cont.) • Proper Termination of Shielded Cable

  11. Need for Separate Grounds • In the case where a low power analog signal (such as from a radio antenna) requires a ground plane, AVOID direct connection to a ground plane used for digital equipment (Noisy). • In the absence of Earth Ground, establish an Analog Ground Plane and a Digital Ground Plane and connect the two with a resistive path to attenuate noise.

  12. Circuit Protection • Electrical Circuits Require Protection against Fault, Failure or Improper Use • Always Know the Failure Modes of Equipment used in your Design (e.g. A Diode can fail short) • Types of Circuit Protection: • Over Current • Over/Under Voltage • Over Heating • Over/Under Frequency (AC Systems)

  13. Over Current • Since most circuit designs assume established voltage levels within the circuit, regulating current will regulate the power in the circuit. • Conductors must be sized to handle the maximum load current and any transient short-circuit current level available. • Example: NEC indicates 14 Gauge Solid Copper will safely carry 15 Amps when properly protected by a circuit breaker • Know When to Use Solid Wire and When to Use Braided Wire

  14. Over Current Protection • Circuit Breaker – Rated for a maximum application voltage, interrupting level and maximum interrupting current (or volt-amps)

  15. Over Current Protection (Cont.) • Fuses • Inexpensive Over Current Protection • One – Shot • Fast or Slow • Be Aware of resistance

  16. Over Current Protection (Cont.) • Self-Resetting Fuses • Thermistor that is conductive at room temperature • If current exceeds rating, heats up and becomes non-conductive • Conductive again after cooling down Source: commons.wikimedia.org

  17. Simple Fuse Status Indicator • Size R to limit current through LED

  18. Over Voltage Protection • It is often desirable, especially in power electronics, to limit transient over-voltages in a circuit • Zener Diodes are an inexpensive means of limiting low-power over-voltages • MOV (Metal-Oxide Varistor) Surge Suppressors provide a heavier duty solution • Bring Critical Voltage Test Points Out to A Measuring Block

  19. Circuit Isolation • IMPORTANT to electrically isolate delicate electronics from power circuits (Pulse Width Modulation motor drives, etc)

  20. Transformers • Provide Electric Isolation (energy transfer is through magnetic circuit in core) • AC Signals ONLY – V2 proportional to change in flux

  21. Relays • Provide Electric Isolation (magnetic circuit) • Provide “electro-mechanical Amplification” • Low Power Signal Controls Large Power Circuit • AC or DC • Not for Repetitive Operations

  22. Opto-Couplers • Provide Electric Isolation (Energy Transfer via Photons) • Many Types of Output: BJT, Darlington Pair, SCR, etc

  23. Tri-State Drivers (Buffers) • Enable Pin = 0 puts driver in High Impedance State (Open Circuit A to B) • High Input Z, Low Output Z (10 GE output) • Non-Inverting or Inverting

  24. Batteries • It is IMPORTANT to understand that Batteries have significant internal resistance: Fast Charge or Discharge leads to Internal Heating and Loss of Life. • OSHA Std: 1926.441 (www.osha.gov) • Energy Storage in batteries is rated in Amp-Hours • A general rule of thumb is that storage batteries should never be discharged below 50% of capacity to avoid undue aging

  25. Lead-Acid Storage Batteries • Oldest technology, but still the most cost-effective in terms of energy density (most amp-hours per kilogram per dollar) • Checking Charge level with a voltmeter: Open Circuit (Resting) Voltage VS. State of Charge 12V Lead Acid:12.66V100% 12.45V75% 12.24V50% 12.06V25% 11.89V0%

  26. Power Supplies • Conventional Power Supplies: AC to DC using Transformer and Diode Bridge • Switch-Mode Power Supplies: AC to DC using Solid State Electronics • DC to DC Conversion is called Chopping • Solid State Voltage Regulators

  27. Conventional PS

  28. DC-DC Chopper

  29. Chopper Output Waveforms • Power MOSFET “Chops” the DC supply voltage • Inductor smoothes the Current, Capacitors smooth the Voltage

  30. Voltage Regulators • Solid State DC/DC Buck Chopper • Can provide a fixed output voltage: +5, -5, +12, etc • Some can provide a variable output: +4 to +12 Volts, etc

  31. Assignment: • Using a breadboard, LM7805 Voltage Regulator, a 5.1 V Zener Diode and any other parts: • Build a simple 12 Vdc to 5 Vdc step-down circuit and protect the output against voltage transients • Submit to me: An electronic copy of your working design schematic

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