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ISLAM: Submission to the Will of Allah

ISLAM: Submission to the Will of Allah. The Judeo-Christian Foundations of Islam. Islam An Abrahamic Religion. Muslims are strict monotheists . They believe in the Judeo- Christian God, which they call Allah .

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ISLAM: Submission to the Will of Allah

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  1. ISLAM: Submission to the Will of Allah

  2. The Judeo-Christian Foundations of Islam

  3. IslamAn Abrahamic Religion • Muslims are strict monotheists. • They believe in the Judeo- Christian God, which they callAllah. • Muslims believe that the Torah and the Bible, like the Qur’an, is the word of God. Peoples of the Book

  4. Mohammed (ca. 570-632): Mohammed, the founder of Islam, is believed by Muslims to be a prophet, or messenger of God. 610: Angel Gabriel’s Message From Allah Mohammed founded Islam and devoted his life to spreading Islam and the worship of “one true God.” In Arabic, the word for God is “Allah” Rise of Islam, 600s AD

  5. Mecca • Mecca: Market town that linked Arabia to Syria and Palestine. • Pilgrimage center. Arabs prayed at Kaaba, the shrine that Muslims believe was built by the prophet Muhammad.

  6. Fundamentals of Islam • Monotheistic • Quaran (Koran)= sacred text. Teaches that God is all powerful, yet compassionate • Allah=God • Mohammad= Prophet

  7. The Origins of the Qur’an • Muhammad received his first revelation from the angel Gabriel in the Cave of Hira in 610. • Muhammad’s revelations were compiled into the Qur’an after his death.

  8. The Qur’an • Muslims believe it contains the word of God. • 114 suras (chapters). • In the name of Allah, the compassionate, the merciful. • Written in Arabic.

  9. The Koran (Quaran) • Warns against idolatry, false gods • Warns against injustice, especially to the weak • Judgment day coming, when everyone will face either eternity in hellfire or eternal paradise • Way to paradise is through worship and submission ( “Islam” means “submission”) to God • There is only one God; Mohammed is his prophet, last in a long line of prophets including Noah, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus

  10. Allegiance to the umma (Muslim community)Honesty in personal & public affairs Modesty Abstinence from alcohol and pork 5 Pillars of Islam: Five daily rites of worship facing towards Mecca Fasting for one month yearly (“Ramadan”) Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in one's lifetime, if at all possible Islam’s Tenets

  11. The Five Pillars of Islam

  12. 1. The Shahada • The testimony. • The declaration of faith: There is no god worthy of worship except God, andMuhammad is HisMessenger [or Prophet]. 1

  13. 2. The Salat • The mandatory prayers performed 5 times a day:* dawn* noon* late afternoon * sunset * before going to bed • Wash before praying. • Face Mecca and use a prayer rug. 2

  14. 2. The Salat • The call to prayer by thethe minaret. • Pray in the mosque on Friday. 2

  15. 3. The Zakat • Almsgiving (charitable donations). • Muslims believe that all things belong to God. • Zakatmeans both “purification” and “growth.” • About 2.5% of your income. 3

  16. 4. The Sawm • Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan. • Considered a method of self- purification. • No eating or drinking from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan. 4

  17. Eid Mubarak End of the Ramadan holiday.

  18. 5. The Hajj • The pilgrimage to Mecca. • Must be done at least once in a Muslim’s lifetime. • 2-3 million Muslims make the pilgrimage every year. 5

  19. 5. The Hajj • Those who complete the pilgrimage can add the titlehajji to their name. 5

  20. Mohammad’s 1st three successors (caliphs) chosen by tribal lawCALIPHS:1. Abu Bakr2. Umar3. Uthman (Umayyad clan) (d. 656)4. Ali (d. 661)5. Mu'awiya (Umayyad Dynasty begins) Shiite / Sunni Schism

  21. 3rd Caliph (Uthman) assassinated in 656. Struggle for power ensued. Origin of Shiite/Sunni split 4th Caliph, Ali, Mohammad’s son-in-law, killed 661 Shi’ites supporters of Ali. Declared 1st three caliphs usurpers; said only direct descendants of Mohammad qualified to be imam Relative of Uthman founded Umayyad Dynasty Shi’ites minority within the Muslim world; opposed the Umayyad caliphate Sunnis: believe the Muslim community as a whole chooses leaders; accepted first 3 caliphs Sunni: one who professes to be a Moslem should be accepted as one. Sunni means “tradition.” 85% Muslims today Origins of Sunni / Shiite Sects

  22. By 640: Sassanid Empire, chunks of Byzantine Empire 642: Egypt 643: Iran by 643 732: Stopped at Tours, France by Charles Martel & Franks Islam spread by war and trade Liberal early governments Tax on non-Muslims Early Muslim Conquests

  23. The High Caliphiates: The Umayyad Empire • 640-700 AD • Founded by relative of the 3rd caliph (Mu’awiya) • Fought with Byzantines and Western Europe • Expanded into Asia and India, Spain

  24. 700-850 AD Descended from Mohammed’s uncle Abbas Centered on Baghdad (Iraq), built in 762, which came to rival Constantinople Glittering culture, lavish court — Persian culture dominant Arabic language and Sharia (Islamic law) united Islamic world The High Caliphates:The Abbasid Empire

  25. 11th Century: Islam conquests spread with conversion of Asian Steppe peoples: Mongols & Turks. Seljuk Turks took Baghdad, 1055 Seljuk Turks and their occupation of the “Holy Land” (holy to all three “religions of the book”) primary reason for the Crusades (1096-1291) Islamic / Christian Relations

  26. 1071: Byzantine Empire attacked by Muslim Seljuk Turks 1092: Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus asks for Western aid 1096: 1st Crusade 1204: 4th Crusade turns on Constantinople The Crusades

  27. 1st CRUSADE (1095-9):Captured Jerusalem, est. several Latin kingdoms. Despite missteps (like Peasants’ Crusade), most successful Crusade. 2nd CRUSADE (1147-9): Led by Louis 7th of France and the Holy Roman Emperor. Disaster. 3rd CRUSADE (1189-92): Mounted to recapture Jerusalem. Rivalry between the leaders undermined this one. 4th CRUSADE (1202-4): Launched against Egypt, but diverted to Constantinople. Permanently weakened the Byzantine Empire, though capital later retaken. 5th CRUSADE (1218-21): Took, then lost, Egypt. 6th CRUSADE (1228-9): Recovered Jerusalem through negotiations with Sultan of Egypt. City lost again in 1244. 7th and 8th CRUSADES (1249-54, 1270-91) Led by Louis 9th of France. Both disasters, but Louis later canonized. The Crusades

  28. Overall effects mixed Never permanently took Jerusalem 4th Crusade actually strengthened the Islamic forces by weakening the Byzantine EmpireBroadened worldview of Western Europe, encouraged trade Reintroduced West to classical learningStrengthened medieval anti-Semitism, anti-Muslim sentiment Effects of the Crusades

  29. The Mosque • The Muslim place of worship.

  30. The Dome of the Rock Mosque in Jerusalem Mount Moriah Rockwhere Muhammad ascended into heaven.

  31. Other Islamic Religious Practices • Up to four wives allowed at once. • No alcohol or pork. • No gambling. • Sharia body of Islamic law to regulate daily living. • Three holiest cities in Islam:* Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem.

  32. Muslims in the WorldToday

  33. Countries with the Largest Muslim Population * Arabs make up only 20% of the total Muslim population of the world.

  34. Muslim Culture in NYC The Islamic Center, New York City

  35. Ellis, E.G., & Esler. (2005). A. World History: Connections to Today. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Thanks to Susan Pojer for contributions & photgraphs Reference Page

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