Mao tries to take control

1. Mao tries to take control The Cultural Revolution1966-69

2. An attempt at control or failure?

3. Consolidation and Control

4. Results and achievements? • Collectivization • Famine • Mao being sidelined while Liu Shaoqi assumes control • Easing of policies of Mao • ‘70 % human failures and 30% natural disasters’

5. Mao : The Great Helmsman

6. By 1966 the contenders for power RIGHT Capitalist roaders Deng Xiaoping Liu Shaoqi Centre Lin Biao Chen Boda LEFT The Gang of Four The Shanghai Forum Gang of Five Dismissal of HaiRai Against Gang of Five Led by Jiang Also wanted dismissal of Liu and Deng Red Book Diary of Lei Feng

7. Origins of the Cultural Revolution • Mao shaken by PengDehuai’s challenge • He turned to Lin Biao, his new Defense minister • Using Socialist education as his target he raised fears about revisionism • He criticized the government’s return to traditional education • The emphasis on quality education and education standards • Return of admission tests to education and tuitions • Return of two –track system of urban education and vocational type education • Development of key-point schools to raised standards of education at all levels • As a consequence of the changes, the education system had become more elitist than it had been a decade earlier and thus became the focus of Mao’s campaign

8. Attack on Socialist Education • Marked as the first salvo • Began as a general investigation into rural conditions • Then a rectification campaign against Party Cadres • Finally developed into a mass campaign directed at cadre corruption and decline of the communes and collective farming and the rise of capitalist tendencies in the countryside

9. Theories about the origin of the CR

10. How did Mao launch the CR? • He used the ‘Red Army’ or PLA and ‘revolutionary successors’ among the younger generation. • According to JAG Roberts his intention was not revisionism but to target his opponents: Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping

11. John E.Shrecker • His assessment of the start of the Cultural revolution: • Mao’s need to the invigorate the party which he felt was becoming a closed group concerned with political power and short term gain. • Mao used his power to create a bizarre replay of the May 4th Movement: The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. He was determined to reconstruct China from ground up once more. Once more he would turn to the youth of China

12. Tensions in 1966 • By late 1965 it was clear that Mao was seeking to eliminate Liu’s influence on politics • Attack on Peng Zhen, the Mayor of Beijing • The Cultural revolution group in Beijing indicates loss of power by Mao • With the help of Jiang Qing and Lin Biao he regains control • Peng Zhen arrested in July 1966 and he committed suicide four years later.

13. The start of the CR • 18th August 1966 Million people in Tiananmen Square • This first demonstration marked the start of the Cultural Revolution • It was aimed to create a new kind of society • It was to be created by the youth of China • 4 ‘OLDS’ targeted for attack • Old culture, old thoughts, old customs and old habits • A contradiction:Mao was now 70 years old….

14. Why did Mao launch the CR? Was it a fear of being sidelined? • A means to reassert authority which had been wrested away from him. • To preserve himself in power and to leave his personal stamp on the revolution even after his death • Mao’s fears that his vision of the revolution was being eroded and betrayed from within

15. Was it due to Mao’s convictions? • Upper ranks of the CCP were infected by neo- capitalism • Upper ranks desired personal power and therefore lacked revolutionary purpose

16. The Cultural Revolution stood for… • An extension of Mao’s ideas of permanent revolution • Revolution was not an event but a process. • An attempt to prevent the CCP from becoming a self-justifying bureaucracy • A way for Mao to circumvent party bureaucracy and appeal to the Chinese to consolidate the revolution

17. Was it the fall of Khrushchev in 1964? • Deeply unsettling for Mao. Reason given for K’s fall was ‘harebrained economic schemes’ • Mao had disapproved of de-Stalinisation • Mao was determined not to do what K. had done. • Mao was convinced that CCP was looking for power like it was in the USSR

18. Other motives to explain the CR? • Felt that there was a loss of revolutionary fervour among the elite • Convinced that there was need for a ‘changing of the guard’ • Wanted to test the younger generation who did not have a shared history of Long March. • Siege mentality a characteristic Mao shared with Stalin, hence this would be a means to impose strict political and social control

19. What else explains the CR? • Mao’s determination to keep the Chinese revolution as a peasant movement. • He did not want bureaucrats and intellectuals to run the revolution • Indication of schism between Mao and the Intellectuals “reds vs intellectuals’

20. Defining images of the CR

21. Views about the start of the CR Traditional view Roderick McFarquahar It was an attempt not so much to destroy the intellectuals as it was to make them less elitist and more aware of the problems of the workers and peasants The reason: not as many intellectuals then. So it was really an attempt to bring the two classes closer but it failed with disastrous consequences • Revenge on the class that despised since his days as a librarian in Beijing University

22. The CR – The First Phase • The CR broadened from an internal party purge to a public campaign in the summer of 1966 • Encouraged by Mao to attack the education system for it divergence form the revolution, students invited to attack the system, boycott classes • Deng and Liu Shaoqi tried to contain this by sending work teams to these institutions • These were ineffective as they were targeted by the ‘Red Guards’

23. Mao’s contribution • Encouraged these actions • Swimming the Yangzi stunt. What did it mean? • At plenary in 1966 he made a dramatic announcement to downgrade Liu and promote Lin Biao to #2. Effectively making Lin Biao Mao’s successor. • Lin responded by calls to the Red guards to show more ‘revolutionary fervour • At the plenary Chen Boda accused Liu and Deng of spearheading the ‘erroneous line’

24. Downfall of Liu • Liu and Deng accused • 2 months given by my for ‘correction’ • Then Mao had Liu and Deng formally dismissed as bourgeoisists and soviet revisionists • Wall posters to denounce each • Both men beaten and brutalised • Liu died in 1973 due lack of proper medical treatment and Deng suffered in a corrective labour camp before being rehabilitated • Deng’s son permanently crippled • The rising power of Jiang and Lin Biao. Mao withdrew to Hangzhou

25. The Red Guard Terror

26. Background • Red guards had been cultivated since the 1950’s • These were trained to acknowledge the leadership and adulation of Mao • These students had been encouraged during the 100 flowers and the anti rightist campaigns • It was to this group Mao turned to ‘rebuild’ his nation

27. Antony Grey’s views • Antony Grey a journalist imprisoned during the CR • His observations of the CR phenomenon and the adulation of Mao • Suggests that this is reminiscent of Chinese –society Emperor worship

28. 4 OLDS • Old ideas • Old Culture • Old knowledge • Old traditions • Mao said ‘to rebel is justified’

29. Actions of the Red Guards • Mao’s words had a devastating effect • His ‘Red guards’ were now obeying a new Master: Mao • His words led to a level of destruction that would be repeated once more: by Pol Pot • In China this led to violence and destruction on an unprecedented scale • It led to brainwashing, terror tactics, airplane posture, and name calling • Officially sanctioned by XieFuzhi minister for Public Security • 5 ‘bad’ categories: Landlords, rich peasants, reactionaries, bad elements and rightists

30. The Backlash • Fights break out among rival groups • PLA moved about China to proclaim Mao’s superiority • It seemed as if Mao let the Red Guards wreak havoc because he could use the PLA to pull back

31. Attempts to re shape Chinese Culture • Part of the cult of the personality so reminiscent of Stalin and Hitler • In China this was directed by Jiang Qing • Censorship and examining of works for revolutionary purity

32. Aims • Removal of rivals • Purge CCP • Confirm peasant revolution • Continue revolution • Recreate Chinese Culture Targets 4 olds • Methods • Idealism • Terror • Coercion • Self criticism • Re-reducation The Instruments The Red Guards The PLA • Results • Genocide • Class War • Cultural Revolution • Economic Chaos • Victims • 4 olds • 5 bad elements

33. Michael Lynch’s Assessment • The Cultural Revolution was an act of madness but there was method in it. The Red Guards were a highly visible and terrifying feature of the movement but they were essentially a front. Mao was using the apparent anarchy to enforce his will upon the CCP and the nation. It was a means of fulfilling his concept of 'continuing revolution', the belief that unless the Communist Party was regularly purified it would cease to be a revolutionary force and China would cease to be truly socialist. For ten years after 1966 the Cultural Revolution distorted China both internally and in its relations with the outside world.

34. Stuart Schram’s View • Stuart Schram one of the earliest biographers of Mao • Pro-Mao approach • Throughout the last decade of his life, Mao strove to combine the need for leadership, and for a 'strong socialist state' in which he had always believed with the anti-elitism and encouragement of initiative from below which had constituted the justification and raison d'etre of the Cultural Revolution

35. Corrin Grasso and Kort • CR dramatically and painfully changed peoples lives • Role swapping: people left the villages for cities and from the cities were sent to the villages for re-reducation • While there was benefit there was much that was very disruptive • Efficiency was sacrificed for revolution. Well being of millions of young Chinese abandoned for the Revolution • Education was profoundly affected