The Science of Evil On Empathy and the Origins of Cruelty

1. The Science of EvilOn Empathy and the Origins of Cruelty Simon Baron-Cohen Professor, Developmental Psychopathology Departments of Experimental Psychology and Psychiatry University of Cambridge

2. Why do people have a lack of empathy? • Four kinds of conditions in people exhibit lack of empathy • Psychopathy • Narcissim • Autism • Asperger Syndrome

3. Baron-Cohen • Evil and Cruelty are the result of Lack of Empathy • Not the result of theological category of ‘sin’ • Not the result of an incarnate evil-i.e.‘devil’ • Not purely the result of social disorder or environment • Not purely the result of a physical condition • Reflect variety of categories and associations

4. The Empathy Circuit • Six Levels of Empathy, based on Empathy Quotient Questionnaire • MRI evidence of regions of brain operative in empathy—ten in all: • Medial prefontal cortex (comparing oneself with others) • Orbitofrontal cortex ( social judgement, socially disoriented • Frontal operculum (Language processing)

5. The Empathy Circuit (cont’d) • Inferior frontal gyrus (emotional recognition) • Caudal anterior cingulate cortex and anterior insula (pain matrix-both personal and observing) • Temporoparietal junction (intentions and beliefs) • Superior Temporal Sulcus (judging someone’s direction of looking)

6. The Empathy Circuit (cont’d) • Somatosensory Cortex (coding sensory experience) • Inferior Parietal Lobule, Inferior Parietal Sulcus( Actions & response recording ‘mirror’ neurons) • Amygdala (emotional learning and regulation)

7. Zero-Negative (Nothing Positive to Recommend) Personality Disorder Borderline: Type B- Extreme saying destructive things to others (Marilyn Monroe) Psychopath: Type P- Total detachment from other’s feelings...cold, calculating, completely selfish Narcissistic: Type N- Total entitlement of self, ‘using’ others, discarding those ‘useless’

8. Zero-Positive • Asperger Syndrome (Avoidance of the social, loneliness, patterning obsession) • Autism (Underactivity in Empathy, without words for emotions, systemitizers to the extreme, innovators)

9. Genetic Evidence • Aggressiveness Gene: MAOA-H ‘Warrior Gene’ • Emotional Recognition: 1. Serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) 2. Arginine Vasopressin Receptor (AVPR1A) Autism-linked, fear and anger) • Empathy Gene (Several Genes involved)

10. Questions • Can you develop empathy? • If you have none are you necessarily bad? • Can a state be empathetic (i.e. Ban the death penalty)? • Can one be super-empathetic to the point of being dangerous?

11. Evidence Not Considered • Daniel Frankfurter: Evil Incarnate: Rumors of Demonic Conspiracy and Ritual Abuse in History. Princeton, 2006. • Social Construction of Evil: Endorsed in Rituals of Political, and Religious Intent • No Notion of Cruelty Universal, it is all constructed locally and from local social and psychological conditions

12. Evidence Not Considered • Why is the demonic, the chaotic, the marginal regarded cross-culturally as “a realm”? • Why is the definition of evil often in the hand of “authorities”...prophets, presidents, popes? • What role does ‘fear’ play in definitions of cruelty, and evil? • What role does conspiracy play in the meaning of evil?

13. Critiques of Baron-Cohen • Difficulties with his ‘measurement’ of empathy. • Extensive cognitive location of empathy raises critical questions about ‘the circuitry’ ideology • Are cruelty, evil, lack of empathy, etc. one and the same set of phenomena? • Are there differences between personal lack of empathy and the social perception of evil? • Why is evil behaviour apparently limited in time and scope?