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NUCM 4303

NUCM 4303. NM Physics & Instrumentation. Fractions. Add & subtract Multiply D ivide. Scientific Notation. 3.7 X 10² 10¹ 10°. Prefixes. Kilo Milli Micro Centi. Fahrenheit/ C elsius. F = (C x 1.8 ) + 32 C = ( F – 32 ) x .55. halflives. Physical half life Biolobical half life

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NUCM 4303

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  1. NUCM 4303 NM Physics & Instrumentation

  2. Fractions • Add & subtract • Multiply • Divide

  3. Scientific Notation 3.7 X 10² 10¹ 10°

  4. Prefixes • Kilo • Milli • Micro • Centi

  5. Fahrenheit/Celsius F = (C x 1.8 ) + 32 C = ( F – 32 ) x .55

  6. halflives • Physical half life • Biolobical half life • Effective half life 1/Te = 1/ Tb + 1/ Tp

  7. Measurements

  8. Inverse Square Law I¹/I² = (D²/D¹)²

  9. Decay formula A = A° е -.693 T/ T ½ Use this formula to calculate for: A A° T T1/2 (get out your calculator)

  10. Concentration formula mCi/ ml Elute generator with 10 ml (normal saline) Yield 1200 mCi.=====120 mCi/ml Want 20 mmCi/ml Formula G/W-present vol. = Amt to be added (1200/20) - 10 = 50 ml of normal saline to be added to = 20 m Ci/ ml

  11. Shielding formula Same formula as the Decay formula

  12. How small is an atom? • All of the people on the earth counting one atom ea. Second will take in excess of 30,000 years to count the atoms in a drop of water.

  13. How small is an atom? • If a uranium atom were the size of a basket ball, it’s outer shell would be 8 miles out. (diameter of 16 miles). • If the nucleus were the size of a marble, it’s weight would be 30,000 tons and nothing on earth could hold it...

  14. Radioactivity Terms • Property Old unit SI unit • Radioactivity curie becquerel • Exposure roentgen coulomb • Dose rad gray • Dose equivalent rem sievert • Conversion 100 old = 1 new

  15. 1 curie = 37,000,000,000 descintigrations/ sec. 1 Ci = 3.7×1010 d/sec 1 Becquerel (Bq) = 1d/sec 1 Ci = 3.7×1010Bq= 37 GBq

  16. Statistics Why do we deal with statistics in NM? (Answer can be found in a life insurance actuarial chart.) 4 reasons: 1. Radioactivity is a random process 2. Statistics can affect diagnostic accuracy 3. Statistics can affect image quality 4. Statistics can be a measure of machine accuracy

  17. What is the difference between? • Accuracy = Correct answer every time • Precision = Same answer every time

  18. Statistics formulas • Standard Error = Is the error which is to be expected due to the randomness of radioactive decay. (also termed coeficient of variance or % error) • % Std error = sq. of counts/counts x 100 (see worksheet #6 in module)

  19. Standard Deviation Google-- the standard deviation is commonly used to measure confidence in statistical conclusions. 1 Std Dev = +/- /counts (square root) 2 Std Dev is 2(1 x Std. Dev) (worksheet #6)

  20. Standard Deviation one Std. Dev. = + or - square root of the counts ( one std. dev. means the measured counts would be expected to occur within the 1 Std Dev. Range 68% of the time) Two Std. Dev. = + or - 2x sq. root of the counts (95% confidence level)

  21. Standard Deviation of a series of Counts Std. Dev of a series of counts = ± Square root of the summation of (x- mean squared) / N

  22. Chi Square test ( A measure of machine accuracy) Chi square = summation of (x- mean squared) / mean (take answer to a chi square table 1-7 on p. 26. 6th ed. Of Christian text)

  23. Standard Deviation or standard errors measures what are called random or indeterminate errors. Chi test measures Systemic or determinate errors. These are machine errors.

  24. END OF CHAPTER 1 CHRISTIAN 7THEDITION TEXT

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