PUBLIC SECTOR REFORM

1. PUBLIC SECTOR REFORM Assoc. Prof. Dr. WongsaLaohasiriwong Faculty of Public Health, KhonKaen University

2. Outline of the Presentation Public Sector Significant of Public Sector Role of Public Sector Goals of Public Sector Service Delivery Problems of Public Sector

3. PUBLIC SECTOR The “public sector” is broadly synonymous with “government”.

4. Public Sector : Government Government is broadly defined as the administrative group of people with authority to govern a political state. "Oxford English Dictionary“, Oxford University Press. November 2010

5. PUBLIC SECTOR : GOVERNMENT Thelegislature , often referred to as a “parliament” or “national assembly” or “congress” has exclusive authority to enact laws. The judiciary is the system of courts of law. There are 3 branches of government: legislative, executive and judicial:

6. PUBLIC SECTOR : GOVERNMENT The executiveimplementsthe government’s policies. It consists of the political leadership * The president or prime minister and his or her cabinet ministers * A set of public “departments” or “ministries” or “agencies” whose staff is on the public payroll and which report, ultimately to a cabinet minister.

7. PUBLIC SECTOR : GOVERNMENT In this WORKSHOP , we will focus on the executive branch. From that perspective, the public sector is made up mainly of government departments and agencies that are staffed by public servants.

8. Why Do Governments Exist? Source: Mark Schacter, Institute On Governance Ottawa, Canada (www.iog.ca) There are certain goods and services that all citizens value *defense, diplomacy, law and order, property rights, parks, street lighting, public sanitation, pest control, public health, * which market forces, on their own, would either under-provide or not provide at all. Economists refer to these as “public goods.” Only governments can be relied upon to provide them in quantitiesand at a quality demanded by society.

9. Why Do Governments Exist? Source: Mark Schacter, Institute On Governance Ottawa, Canada (www.iog.ca) • Beyond government’s undisputed role as a provider of public goods, there are controversial questions about the economicand social role of the public sector. • Opinions are divided on how active and influential a participant government should be in a country’s economic and social life. • How much industrial output should be produced by the public sector? • How should the government regulate the private sector? • How should it addresseconomic inequality? • How should it pursue a range of issues related to social justice, environmental protection, etc?

10. Why Do Governments Exist? The way that countries deal with these questions has an impact on the appropriate * size, * role, * functionsand * structure of the public sector.

11. What Does the Public Sector Do? 1. Makes economic and social policies Source: Mark Schacter, Institute On Governance Ottawa, Canada (www.iog.ca) • The public sector makes and enforces policies that cover virtually everything the government does. • Policies developed by the public sector serve the government of the day, reflecting its socialand economic goals.

12. What Does the Public Sector Do? 2. Designs and Implements Public Programs Source: Mark Schacter, Institute On Governance Ottawa, Canada (www.iog.ca) • Policiesare realized through the design anddelivery of public programsinvolving delivery of public services, production of goods, or transfers of resourcesto individuals, organizations or other levels of government. • Governments also useregulation– in areas such as workplace standards, consumer protection, the environment, foreign investment, transportation safety – as a tool for achieving policy goals

13. ? What Does the Public Sector Do? 3.Raises Revenue • Governments may pursue social goals by providing tax breaks to certain segments of the population. • They may also use tax provisions to encourage certain forms of investment or industrial development. • The government must raise the funds in order to implement its programs. • The government must raise the funds in order to implementits programs. • The public sector collects taxes and user fees that are levied on citizens and companies. • Governments also usetax policy as a means to pursue social and economic goals. Source: Mark Schacter, Institute On Governance Ottawa, Canada (www.iog.ca)

14. What Does the Public Sector Do? 4.Manages Accountability • Citizens demand accountabilityin return for the powers granted to the executive toraiseandspend revenue. • The public sector responds by enforcing internal accountability measures, and by reporting to citizens on how money is spent and on the successes (and failures) of public programs. • Governments typically create and sustain independent public institutions of accountability that are empowered to oversee the government’s actions and demand explanations. • Key institutions of accountability may include auditors general, public ombudsmen, the judiciary, the legislature, human rights commissions, etc. Source: Mark Schacter, Institute On Governance Ottawa, Canada (www.iog.ca)

15. Vision of World Class Public Services Goals of Public Sector Service Delivery • Empowering citizens; • Enhancing professionalism; • Government playing a more strategic role • Citizen empowerment– greater power to people to control services • New professionalism– professionals and front line staff across all public services responding to the needs of the public and being accountable to them • Strategic leadership– setting a clear vision, not micromanaging Source: Cabinet Office . (2008). Excellence and fairness: Achieving world class public services (www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk)

16. PROBLEMS OF PUBLIC SECTOR PSR is the attempt to fix these problems. The public sector may be Overextended– attempting to do too much with too few resources. Poorly organized; Its decision-making processes may be irrational; Staff may be mismanaged; Accountability may be weak; Public programs may be poorly designedand Public services poorly delivered. Source: Mark Schacter, Institute On Governance Ottawa, Canada (www.iog.ca)

17. PUBLIC SECTOR REFORM Source: Mark Schacter, Institute On Governance Ottawa, Canada (www.iog.ca) Public Sector Reform (PSR) is about strengtheningthe way that the public sector is managed.

18. Reference Cabinet Office. (2008). Excellence and fairness: Achieving world class public services (www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk) Oxford English Dictionary“, Oxford University Press. November 2010 Mark Schacter. (2000). Public Sector Reform in Developing Countries: Issues, Lessons and Future Directions. Institute On Governance, Ottawa, Canada.