Spanish Colonialism Period, 1521-1898

1. Spanish Colonialism Period,1521-1898 How did the Spaniards change Filipino life?

2. Timeline of Spanish Conquest August 10, 1519 – The Spanish fleet led by Ferdinand Magellan sailed westward from Spain to search for the Spice Islands on the other side of the world. March 16, 1521 – The Spanish fleet arrived in the vicinity of Samar. March 31 – The Spaniards celebrated a mass in the island of Limawasa, Leyte. The local chiefs, Rajah Kolambu and Rajah Siagu, attended. The chiefs also made an alliance with the Spaniards. April 7 – The fleet visited the port of Cebu. They also made an alliance with Rajah Humabon and baptized the Rajah, his wife, and their followers. Magellan gave the statue of the Santo Nino to the Queen of Cebu as gift during the baptism. April 27 – The Spaniards battled Lapu-Lapu, in behalf of Humabon, in nearby Mactan island. Magellan was killed. The Spaniards withdrew and left Cebu and the Philippines.

3. They eventually reached the Moluccas (Spice Islands), Indonesia; traded for cargoes of cloves and sailed for Spain. September 8, 1522 – The galleon Victoria reached Spain. It was credited for the first circumnavigation of the world. Spain sent succeeding expeditions to the Spice Islands, and later the Philippines, but failed. April 27, 1565 – Another Spanish expedition led by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi entered the port of Cebu. When the Cebuanos opposed their landing, they cannonaded the kingdom. The Cebuanos retreated to the hills. The Spaniards established the first Spanish settlement in the port, but Cebuanos harrassed this settlement. June 4 – The Cebuanos, led by Rajah Tupas, were forced to recognized Spanish sovereignty.

4. June 1569 – The Spaniards occupied Panay. May 1571 – The Spaniards, with the aid of a large Visayan force, attacked and defeated the Muslim kingdom of Manila ruled by Rajah Sulayman. They made Manila the capital of the colony. They also defeated or forced to surrender to Spanish rule the surrounding kingdoms. May 1572 – They entered Ilocos and Pangasinan. And within several years, the Spanish armies defeated or intimidated the different kingdoms of the Philippines into recognizing Spanish rule. Or the Spanish missionaries convinced them to accept foreign rule. Bicol, Samar, Leyte, and Northern Mindanao became parts of the Spanish colony.

5. Las Islas Felipinas:Hispanization of the Filipinos I. Establishing Spanish towns II. Spreading Christianity III. Supporting the Colony IV. Educating the Elite V. Making the Indio

6. 1. Poblacion: the Spanish town Early Philippines: Villages lined up along the seashores and river banks Colonization: Spanish soldiers collected tributes Spanish missionaries evangelized the villagers (Village set-up incovenient) Solution: Resettlement Process: Reduccion Site: Poblaciones

7. “According to law, settlements had to center around a rectangular plaza whose corners corresponded to the four cardinal directions. The plaza was to measure one and a half times longer than its width, neither smaller than 60 by 90 meters, nor bigger than 200 by 250 meters.... One side of the plaza was reserved for the church, another for the tribunal [town hall], a third the school, and the fourth for the houses of prominent residents. Streets started from the four corners and the middle of the sides of the plaza, ... Straight and properly measured at right angles with one another. Houses were lined up along them.”

8. Uniformly designed towns and cities

9. Poblaciones de la Provincia de Cebu

10. 2. Christianizing the Filipinos

11. Dividing the country into the five missionary orders 1. Augustinians: Central and Southern Luzon, Ilocos, Cebu and Panay 2. Franciscans: Bicol 3. Jesuits: the Visayas, except Cebu and Panay 4. Dominicans: Northern Luzon, except Ilocos 5. Augustinian Recollects: Northern Mindanao

12. Missionary strategy Spread the gospel using the local languages: Ilocano, Pangasinan, Kapampangan, Tagalog, Bicolano, Ilonggo, Cebuano-Bisaya, Waray Bajo de la Campana: churches built in the towns and people required to live near them Prohibited animistic practices: ancient altars and icons destroyed, and native priests captured and banished or killed Introduced Catholic Rituals and celebrations: mass, baptism, confession, anointing of sick, fiestas, Christmas, Holy Week

13. Native-speaking Spaniards

14. Churches from Batanes to Luzon

15. To Visayas and Mindanao

16. From pagan icons to Catholic icons

17. The Filipinos’ Christian heritage

18. 3. The Colonial Economy Galleon Trade (1565-1815) Philippines became a transhipment point for the export of Oriental products to Spanish (Latin) America. Cash-crop Cultivation and Export (1800’s) The government encouraged or mandated the planting of farmlands into tobacco, sugar, and abaca. These crops were for export.

19. Asian products crossed the Pacific aboard the galleons

20. The galleons’ sailing route

21. Cargoes of the galleons Trip to America 1. silk cloth, cotton cloth 2. spices (pepper, cloves, etc) 3. porcelain (bowls, jars, etc) 4. metal ware 5. woodwork 6. medicinal plants 7. perfume Return trip to the Philippines 1. income from the sale 2. Royal Situado (money for support of the colonial administration) 3. occasionally, American flora and fauna, products. Also religious images, Spanish soldiers, Spanish missionaries

22. Tobacco monopoly: provinces such as the Ilocos and Cagayan Valley were required to produce certain volume of tobacco, if not they paid penalties.

23. Most of the provinces of Iloilo, Negros, Cebu were turned into sugar haciendas.

24. The slopes of Bicol were planted with abaca plant which were made into the Manila Hemp, cordage for ships.

25. However, Philippine agriculture and industries suffered Many farmlands left uncultivated because farmers were sent to work in the shipyards to build the galleons. Many ricelands were replaced with cash crops such as tobacco, sugar, abaca. The local textile weaving industry was abandoned because of the cheap textiles (cloths) from China and India. Metal craft was undeveloped due to preference for metal ware from Asian countries.

26. 4. Educating the Filipino Elite The Spaniards established schools in each town. These were sort of parochial schools, organized and supervised by the local Spanish priests. Boys and girls in separate classes. They taught the 4Rs: Reading, (W)Riting, (A)Rithmetic, and most importantly Religion. Instruction was in the Philippine languages. Spanish was only taught in select schools for rich Filipino, Mestizo, and Spanish children.

27. Colegios y Universidades de los Espanoles

28. Separate College for Girls While the boys took courses on Philosophy, Rhetorics, History, some Sciences. The girls attended finishing schools which trained them for their proper roles as women in society: sewing, embroidery, singing, dancing, playing the piano.

29. Hispanized the Elite They became Spanish in speech, dress, manners, in their lifestyle. They felt more closer to the Spaniards than to the lower class Filipinos They also became Spanish in sentiments. Most of the elite accepted and believed in the necessity of Spanish rule. That it was Spanish rule that gave the Filipinos civilization. That without Spanish rule, the country would fell into ruins.

30. 5. Making the Indio [Indio is the name given for Filipinos during the Spanish period.]

31. From Timagua (freeman) to Subject Under Spanish rule: Paid tributes (taxes) – eight reales (one peso) annually in money or in kind (rice, cotton cloth, gold, even chicken). In 1884, tribute was replaced by the cedula (individual tax).

32. The Indios also: Worked on government projects (polo or forced labor) – each year a Filipino (18-60 yrs old) worked for 40 days. In the 19th century, shortened to 15 days. Polistas worked in groups building roads, bridges, churches, town halls, hospitals, and in shipyards for the government. Observed the Bandala – planted crops according to the orders of the government and sells the harvest to the government too.

33. Thus, the arrival of the Spaniards created a new period in Philippine history: 1. Spanish did not replace the local languages, but other aspects of Filipino culture were Hispanized: food, dress, houses, economy, entertainment. 2. The formerly independent barangays (kingdoms) were united under the colony called Las Islas Felipinas under the administration of a governor-general (the Spanish king’s representative). 3. The animistic religion was replaced by Catholicism.