Information Gathering, Information Sources, Publishing, and Journals Primary and Secondary Literature

1. Part 2 Information Gathering, Information Sources, Publishing, and Journals Primary and Secondary Literature

2. Chemical Information Sources The Gathering of Information and Classification: a. The experiment …. the calculation … the measurements …  Discovery by definition, a discovery represents original information, i.e., information that has not previously been published. b. The discovery is described by the discoverer (supervisor/student at university; director/research personnel/technician working with a company, etc.) . by writing up as a manuscript and publishing as a journal paper . by presenting at a conference and publishing as a conference paper . if the discovery has commercial value, the discoverer may disclose the discovery in a special written format termed a patent . the student may describe the discovery in a dissertationorthesis

3. Chemical Information Sources (cont.) The details of the discovery (the original information) appear in the journal, conference paper, patent, or dissertation The information is in the Public Domain – the information is ‘public’ – it has been ‘published’! Primary Literature is any vehicle – journal, conference paper, patent, or dissertation – which is used for publication of original information (that is, is the first to disclose the details of the discovery, calculation, measurement, etc.)

4. Chemical Information Sources (cont.) Secondary Literature is any vehicle – review journal, monograph (book by a single author), multigraph (book by multiple authors), treatise (advanced treatment of a specialized topic), encyclopedia, dictionary, textbook, handbook (of spectra, physical data, etc.), bibliographies, indexing and abstracting services (e.g. Chemical Abstracts) – for providing information which by definition is not original. • The objective of secondary literature is to repackage and reorganize • the original information reported by researchers in the primary literature • Information in secondary literature is convenient to access, but may be • ‘out of date’!

5. PRIMARY LITERATURE ‘Full MS’ - Abstract, Introduction, Results and Discussion, and Conclusion, full details of Experimental work, and References to related work; MS may be very long – sometimes over 60 A4 typewritten pages! Supervisor and you decide to publish the work as soon as possible; write MS giving a preliminary account of the work: ‘Preliminary MS’ - abbreviated Abstract, Introduction, Discussion, Conclusion, minimal details of Experimental work, some References to related work (usually 3–5 A4 pages).

6. Patents What is a patent? an arrangement between the inventor and the state such that the inventor receives a limited-time monopoly to exploit the invention. Patents are the most important form of publication of industrial research. In Chemistry processes, new chemical substance, or known chemical substances including a new use,may be patented

7. Dissertations (or Thesis) Research results written into M.Sc., M.Phil. or Ph.D. thesis deposited in library At HKUST, Ph.D. thesis forwarded to University Microfilms International (UMI) for microfilming. Access online through Dissertation for abstracts, citations from theses in US, Canada, Europe, other pats of the world. Dissertations are a major form of academic publications contain information, especially experimental detail not reported elsewhere, or published in a journal, much later.

8. Technical Reports and Conference Papers Technical Reports • Usually from government or industry-funded research • often contain information before it is published in a journal – • but not reviewed by referees (i.e. not ‘peer reviewed’). • some agencies (NASA, DOE) may place reports on the web. • Abstracted by Chemical Abstracts. Conference Papers • Papers presented at a conference may be ‘published’ intact • usually no experimental details • usually not peer-reviewed • abstracted by Chemical Abstracts

9. SECONDARY LITERATURE • Part of an article which includes similar or related areas from other journal papers in a • Review journal • Monograph (book by a single author) • Multigraph (book by multiple authors) • Treatise (advanced treatment of a specialized topic) • Encyclopedia • And so on …

10. Reviews • Valuable source of information • Enhance knowledge of own area of research, • provides perspective, save time • Acquire familiarity with a new area of research • Reviews in • journals (‘review journals’) • journals which also publish primary articles • monographs, multigraphs

11. Other Sources • Data Collections • Secondary literature containing data on specific topics arranged for easy access • Data may be evaluated by editor before entry – ‘added value’ • Examples • Dictionaries and Handbooks: classical lists of definitions, alphabetical list of compounds with data • Encyclopedias: relevant topics in alphabetical order, may be too elementary for expert • Physical data collections: spectra, m.p., b.p., thermodynamic • parameters, etc. • Reactions and syntheses guides • Analytical methods • Comprehensive treatises on specialist topics

12. Chemical Abstracts: http://www.cas.org/ Represents the most effective means of accessing and organizing data – by providing abstracts of primary and secondary literature papers – world’s largest collection of chemical information!

13. EXAMPLES (FYI only; not to be taught in the class) Dictionaries, Catalogues, Encyclopedias, and Handbooks • Compendium of Chemical Terminology 1997 • IUPAC recommended definitions and names • ii. Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 1997 • properties, containment, properties (incl. hazards), uses of inorganic, organic compounds • iii. Concise Chemical and Technical Dictionary 1986 • properties of compounds • Combined Chemical Dictionary (CD ROM) • over 456,000 compounds covering all areas of chemistry • Merck Index 1998 (2 vols) • primarily organic compounds, mainly drugs • vi. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 1990 • chemical processes; industrially-important chemicals • vii. Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Index 1995 • English ed.; comprehensive information on industrial chemicals, safety, processes, etc. • viii. Encyclopedia of Analytical Science 1995 (10 vols) • all aspects of analytical chemistry • ix. Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering 1990 • Polymer Encyclopedia 1990: CD version of ix 1990 • preparation, properties of polymers and applications • x. ‘Landolt-Bornstein’: Numerical Data and Functional • Relationships in Science and Technology 1987 • physicochemical data in nuclear, atomic physics, crystal and solid state physics

14. Handbook: tabulated data and property sets • CRC Handbook of Physical Properties of Organic Chemicals 1997 physical properties • ii. CRC Handbook of Chemical Synonyms and Trade Names • CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics • tables of physical and chemical data • iv. CRC Handbook of Laboratory Safety • CRC Handbook of Laser Science and Technology • data on optical properties of materials, laser properties • CRC Handbook of Organic Analytical Reagents • chemical tests, analysis and reagents …and many others in Library!

15. Comprehensive Chemistry Series Pergamon (now Elsevier): multivolume series • Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry • the synthesis, reactions, properties and applications of coordination compounds • Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry • the structure, reactions, synthesis, and uses of heterocyclic compounds • Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry • rational design, mechanistic study, and therapeutic applications of chemical compounds • Comprehensive Organic Chemistry • synthesis and reactions of organic compounds • Comprehensive Organic Synthesis • selectivity, strategy and efficiency in organic chemistry • Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry • synthesis, reactions, and structures of organometallic compounds • Comprehensive Polymer Science • the synthesis, characterization, reactions and applications of polymers • Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds: a Modern Comprehensive Treatise • reviews of classes of organic compounds; good on reactions and biochemicals

16. Reactions and Syntheses Guides • Organic Reactions • annual publication with comprehensive critical reviews on important synthetic methods; includes actual experimental examples • Organic Synthesis and Inorganic Syntheses • annual publication with independently tested procedures (two laboratories) for synthesis of organic, organometallic, and inorganic compounds • Fieser and Fiesers’ Reagents for Organic Synthesis • alphabetical presentation of reagents • Compendium of Organic Synthetic Methods • organic functional group transformations; synthetic methods in form of reactions • Journal: Methods in Organic Synthesis