Simulation

1. Simulation Robin Burke GAM 224

2. Quiz #1 • Ave: 24.2 / 30 • Max: 30 • Min: 18 • Histogram • 3: 00000 • 2: 0000123366689 • 1: 888

3. Project #1 • Missed Thursday? • Get the handout • Need to work with your team • one team failed to pick up the Loteria cards

4. Simulation • Games simulate real-world activities • sports games • racing games • historical games • Central idea • mapping between the game and the real-world activity

5. Simulation II • Games also simulate fantasy and fictional activities • any RPG • most FPS • Central idea • mapping between the game and...

6. Imaginary realism • Games (like other fictional creations) • require "willing suspension of disbelief" • we agree to be lied to • (why is that?) • We expect of a realistic game • that it be internally consistent • we expect "physical" laws to be the same everywhere • that its deviations from our consensus reality to be explained • we can learn what "physics" is in this world

7. Mapping • Simulation is a mapping between • a representation in the game • an aspect of reality or some imagined reality • The mapping will be incomplete • the game may leave out inconvenient or boring parts • the game may include improbable situations for gameplay reasons • Example • realistic healing from wounds is slow • an announcement is heard on the radio just when you come in the room • you can't take over enemy buildings, you have to destroy them

8. Mapping cont'd • The mapping will be inexact • the game may exaggerate the physics for effect or gameplay • the game may (will) abstract from physical reality for practical reasons • Example • basketball players jump incredibly high • crates can be destroyed but not doors or walls

9. Basic fact • All physics is simplification • complex multi-body physical simulations are too slow • reality is chaotic • limits to what can be rendered graphically

10. Example: Halo • What happens when a grenade explodes? • do we simulate the ignition and rapid oxidation of explosives, pressure waves, metal shear and shrapnel trajectories? • do we simulate concussion injuries, soft tissue damage, and bone trauma? • No • we assign a certain amount of damage to characters based on their distance from the explosions center

11. Game physics • Physics = the evolution of the game state • we want the player to feel as though there is a real world in the game • the game state must be complex • its evolution must seem natural • the player's control over it should seem natural

12. Natural? • Games are profoundly unnatural • Aliens? Psychic powers? Controlling a civilization over centuries? • Imaginary realism • whatever is natural in the game world context • Game physics • may have nothing to do with Newton's physics • or they may be very selective in applying such physics

13. Simulation focus • Games differ on where they focus their simulation effort • Some areas of the game will be simulated more closely than others • Example • execution aspect of fighting games not much like real fighting • possible exceptions: "Fight Night“, “WiiSports” • Battlefield 1942 weapons modeled realistically • but ability and role of a given soldier not realistic

14. Simulation focus cont'd • It is easy to criticize a game for not being realistic in some way • The question is • where are the areas where the design sought realism? • where is it omitted? • what are the consequences for meaningful play?

15. Example • Grand Theft Auto III

16. Incoherency • Game worlds are not just inexact copies • or alternative universe • Game worlds are incoherent • they contain entities that are not explainable within the world • can only be explained by reference to the fact that it is a game

17. Examples • Donkey Kong • you have multiple lives • GTA III • big blue arrows • time / speed • Wind Waker • characters’ dialog references buttons on the controller

18. Incoherence • Different from fantasy / suspension of disbelief • Acceptance of “game-domain” elements in the game world • not considered remarkable

19. Scripting • When there is a fixed stereotyped response to an action in the game • we say it is "scripted" • As opposed to "simulated"

20. Example • Designer decides what should happen when a grenade explodes • x amount of damage to all units within certain radius • x/2 damage within a larger radius • leaves a certain "stencil" on the floor or wall • Simplifying the actual physics

21. Example • Locked door in Zelda • If player ties to go through locked door with key in inventory, the door opens and key is used up • Simplifications • Doors are logical, not physical barriers • Cannot be battered down, blown up, removed from hinges • Locks cannot be picked • In Elder Scrolls: Oblivion • lock picking is a skill you can learn • (some locks cannot be picked, though)

22. Advantages of scripting • Much, much faster • to apply a simple rule than to run a physical simulation • Easy to write, understand and modify

23. Disadvantages of scripting • Limits player creativity • Players will try things that "should" work • based on extensive physical intuition • Will be disappointed if they don't • Game will need many scripts • predicting their interactions can be difficult • complex debugging problem

24. Simulation • Will still be a simplification • Represent the quantities of interest • represent the forces that act on them • create physical laws for the game world • evolve the game state according to these laws

25. Example • Half-Life 2 • models weight of objects • models physical forces • can create puzzles involving moving objects of different weights • the "gravity gun" allows any movable object to become a weapon

26. Benefits of simulation • More player options • Designer doesn't have to anticipate every way to do something • Physical laws reusable • Do not have script every object • Can build (or buy) generic physics engine • Half-Life 2: Havok 2

27. Disadvantages of simulation • Speed • extensive simulation may make the game too slow • Memory • game state may become much larger • Testing • difficult to test all possibilities

28. Design decision • How much to simulate? • Where player creativity is important • Where realism is important • Where a simple enough model can be built • What level of detail is required? • depends on the constraints of the game • always a computational cost

29. Example • Fracture

30. Terrain effects on speed • Some designers said yes • Others said no • Programmers wanted to avoid extra calculations • Gameplay experiments • showed terrain weapons worse than useless without it • Had to be exaggerated to achieve good gameplay

31. Example • Action adventure scenario • How do guards respond to player? • Script • when player enters room, guards converge and attack

32. Simulation #1 • Proximity concept • Model radius to guard • when player takes a step, sound is heard over certain radius • if guard is within radius and in room, guard will converge and attack

33. Simulation #2 • Stealth concept • Model sound propagation to guard • when player takes a step, volume of sound is calculated based on level of stealth, floor material, etc. • sound is propagated through room and attenuated based on room contents • guards receive sound signal and if loud enough to reach attention, they will move in the apparent direction of sound

34. Simulation #3 • Unified level concept • Model sound propagation through larger space • same as #2, but in 3 dimensions, through floors, etc.

35. Simulation #4 • Psychology of alertness • Model guards' attention • same as #3, but guards have multiple alert states. • A single low-intensity noise will increase their alert state. • Over time, the alert state decays but not completely

36. Level of detail • As we add more simulated detail • we add texture to the player's decisions • but we add complexity to the program • we may impact the play experience in unexpected ways • We have to decide as designers • what is important for the game's impact

37. The role of simulation • "Immersive fallacy" • the best game is one in which the player feels that they are totally immersed in a simulated world • emphasizes only a certain aspect of the game experience • fails to explain prevalence of game world incoherence • Realism is only one aspect of a game's experience • it has to be weighed against other design criteria

38. Realism over all? • Would "Wind Waker" be better if it had realistic (non-cell shaded) textures? • Would Asteroids be better if the asteroids collided with each other? • Would Gears of War be better if it took weeks to heal from injuries? • Would Half-Life 2 be better if you couldn't carry an unrealistically large arsenal? • Would GTA be better if there were child pedestrians and moms with strollers?

39. Thursday • Social play • Board game design draft due • Next Tuesday (2/12) • Quiz #2: Play • Next Thursday (2/14) • Board game presentations