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Important Industrial Chemicals

Important Industrial Chemicals. Ammonia Phosphoric acid Sulfuric acid. Ammonia Synthesis: Haber Process. N 2 (g) + 3 H 2 (g)  2 NH 3 (g) Conditions: 300 atm, 500 o C H f (NH 3 ) = -46.1 kJ/mol S o (N 2 ) = 191.6 J/Kmol S o (H 2 ) = 130.7 J/Kmol S o (NH 3 ) = 192.5 J/Kmol H rxn =

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Important Industrial Chemicals

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  1. Important Industrial Chemicals Ammonia Phosphoric acid Sulfuric acid

  2. Ammonia Synthesis: Haber Process N2(g) + 3 H2(g)  2 NH3(g) Conditions: 300 atm, 500 oC Hf(NH3) = -46.1 kJ/mol So(N2) = 191.6 J/Kmol So(H2) = 130.7 J/Kmol So(NH3) = 192.5 J/Kmol Hrxn = Srxn =

  3. Phosphoric Acid 2Ca3(PO4)2(s) + 6SiO2(s) + 10C(s) 6CaSiO3(l) + 10CO(g) + P4(g) P4(g) + 5 O2(g)  P4O10(g) P4O10 + 6 H2O(l)  4 H3PO4(l) OR Ca5(PO4)3F + 5 H2SO4 + 10 H2O 3 H3PO4 + 5 CaSO42H2O + HF

  4. Phosphate Esters!

  5. Sulfuric Acid: # 1 Chemical S(s) + O2(g) SO2(g) 2 SO2(g) + O2(g)  2 SO3(g) uses V2O5 catalyst SO3(g) + H2O(l)  H2SO4(aq) Why it’s so popular: H = -436 kJ/mol

  6. S(s) + O2(g) SO2(g) 2 SO2(g) + O2(g)  2 SO3(g) uses V2O5 catalyst SO3(g) + H2O(l)  H2SO4(aq) Where have you seen this chemistry before?

  7. Important Industrial Chemicals Group 1A LiAlH4, LiBH4: reducing agents Li2CO3: treating schizophrenia NaHCO3: Baking powder Na2CO3: Baking soda NaOH: detergents, oven cleaner, paper NaCN: NaClO3, KClO3:

  8. Cool things about Group 1A metals 1. When dissolved in ammonia, they give a “solvated electron” M(s)  M+(amm) + e-(amm) 2. Self-contained breathing apparatus 4 KO2(s) + 2 H2O(l)  3 O2(g) + 4 KOH(s) KOH(s) + CO2(g)  KHCO3(s)

  9. Important Industrial Group 2A Chemicals MgSO47H2O: Epsom salt CaCO3: limestone (antacid) CaO: 3rd ranked chemical- steel production Ca(OH)2: “Slaked lime” in cement CaSO4½H2O: plaster of Paris CaSO42H2O: Gypsum CaMg3(SiO3)4: Asbestos BaCO3: rat posion

  10. Important Industrial Group 3A Chemicals B2O3: Pyrex B4C: abrasive AlOHCl2(s): antiperspirant GaAs: III-V Semiconductors

  11. Nitric Acid: Ostwald Process 4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g)  4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g) 2 NO(g) + O2(g)  2 NO2(g) 3 NO2(g) + H2O(l)  2 HNO3(aq) + NO(g)

  12. Phosphorus! Phosphorus pentoxide: P4O10 dehydrating agent P4O10 + 6 H2O  4 H3PO4

  13. Hydrochloric Acid 1. Classic Salt-Cake Process: 2 NaCl + H2SO4Na2SO4 + 2 HCl 2. Hargreaves Process: 2 NaCl + SO3+ ½ O2 + H2O Na2SO4 + 2 HCl 3. Direct Process (only when high purity is needed): H2 + Cl2 2 HCl 4. By-product of organic syntheses: most HCl comes from this

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