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Chapter 8

Chapter 8. The Immune System. Key Concepts. acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) antibodies antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) antigen B cells cell-mediated immunity. complement protein system helper T cells human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) humoral immunity

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Chapter 8

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  1. Chapter 8 The Immune System

  2. Key Concepts

  3. acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) antibodies antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) antigen B cells cell-mediated immunity • complement protein system • helper T cells • human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) • humoral immunity • immunoglobulins • interferons

  4. killer T cells leukocytes leukocytosis lymphocytes lymphocytosis macrophages memory B cells memory T cells • monocytes • natural killer (NK) cells • neutrophils • Phagocytosis • plasma cells • suppressor T cells • T cells • upper respiratory infection (URI)

  5. Review Questions

  6. What is the difference between the two general classifications of the immune system? The specific immune system provides a defense against a specific pathogen, while the non- specific immune system does not provide a specific defense against a specific pathogen.

  7. What are the components of non-specific immunity? • External mechanisms, such as • Skin • Digestive tract • Respiratory tract • Urinary tract • Internal mechanisms, such as • Phagocytic cells • NK cells • Complement proteins • Inteferons

  8. What are the two classifications of the specific immune mechanisms? • Humoral • Cell-mediated

  9. In general, how do the specific immune mechanisms work? They produce cells or antibodies that provide a defense against antigens.

  10. What are the four components of humoral immunity? • B cells • Plasma cells • Antibodies • Memory B cells

  11. What are the components of cell-mediated immunity? • T cells, which give rise to: • Killer T cells • Helper T cells • Suppressor T cells • Memory T cells

  12. Exercise alters several components of the immune function. What are they and what effect does exercise have? • Exercise results in leukocytosis • Exercise results in lymphocytosis • Exercise may increase interferon levels, but the significance is unknown

  13. Name some reasons why HIV positive individuals should exercise. Why? • Exercise does not exacerbate the progression of HIV and may slow it. • Moderate aerobic exercise can increase helper T cell and NK cell counts. • Resistance training can help to maintain or increase muscle mass and so diminish the weight loss characteristic of stages 2 and 3 of HIV infection.

  14. Should athletes train during infections? Mild upper respiratory infections are not usually cause to restrict training or competition, but vigorous exertion should be avoided if there is fever, myalgia, or other symptoms of systemic infection.

  15. Name some strategies that can help athletes minimize the risk of becoming ill? • Allow sufficient time between training sessions for recovery • Avoid extremely long training sessions • Use periodization of training • Avoid training monotony by ensuring variation in training load • When increasing the training load, do so on hard days; don’t eliminate recovery days • When recovering from overtraining or illness, begin with light training and increase gradually • Monitor and record mood, feelings of fatigue, and muscle soreness; decrease the training load if the session seems harder than usual

  16. Name some strategies that can help athletes minimize the risk of becoming ill? (continued) • Keep other stresses to a minimum • Get regular and adequate sleep • Get more rest after travel across time zones • Pay attention to diet and make sure it is well balanced • Ensure adequate total dietary intake • Consider drinking carbohydrate sports drinks before, during, and after prolonged workouts • Consider the timing of vaccinations

  17. What are some guidelines for considering the appropriateness of training and competition during infection? • Exercise tolerance may be reduced • Exercising with an infection may increase the severity and duration of the illness • Light exercise during convalescence may enhance recovery • Training should be stopped if fever or systemic symptoms are present • Training should be resumed gradually • Infected team members should be isolated

  18. Useful Websites

  19. Immune System www.niaid.nih.gov/final/immun/immun.htm The Anatomy of the Immune System www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk/MBchB/2b.html Antibody Production www.cellsalive.com/antibody.htm Comprehensive AIDS and HIV Information www.thebody.com

  20. Selected Images

  21. Figure 8.2 Phagocytosis by a neutrophil or macrophage.

  22. Figure 8.3 Role of B cells in humoral immunity.

  23. Figure 8.4 Role of T cells in cellular immunity.

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