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Chapter 9

Chapter 9. Section 1- Byzantine Empire. Constantinople . Who: R omans & Byzantines, Constantine What: capital city of the Byzantine Empire Where: in between Black & Mediterranean Seas & Asia / Europe; Byzantine Empire When: 330-1453

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Chapter 9

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  1. Chapter 9 Section 1- Byzantine Empire

  2. Constantinople • Who: Romans & Byzantines, Constantine • What: capital city of the Byzantine Empire • Where: in between Black & Mediterranean Seas & Asia / Europe; Byzantine Empire • When: 330-1453 • Why: the city had an excellent harbor, was guarded on 3 sides by water; Emperors built an elaborate system of walls to protect the city; was the center of key trade routes that linked Asia & Europe; was the connecting point of 2 main seas & 2 continents = everyone wanted it = war

  3. Constantinople • Who: Romans, Byzantines, Constantine • What: capital of the Byzantine Empire • Where: In b/n Black & Med seas; in b/n Asia & Europe; Byzantine Empire, ME • When: 330-1453 • Why: Constantine named the capital of the Byzantine Empire after himself; vital center of the Byzantine Empire; heavily fortified city; key trading & business center- linked trade routes from Asia to Europe; reminder of Roman heritage

  4. Justinian (6th) • Who: Byzantine Emperor • What: leader that wanted to revive ancient Rome by recovering lands that had been lost • Where: Byzantine Empire • When: 527-565 • Why: was unsuccessful in recovering land; after the riots he rebuilt the Empire & his great triumph was the Hagia Sophia; reformed the law (Justinian’s Code); ruled as an autocrat w. complete control

  5. Justinian • Who: Emperor of Byzantine Empire • What: was determined to revive Ancient Rome by recovering land that was taken by Germanic invaders when Rome fell • Where: Constantinople, Byzantine Empire • When: 527-565 • Why: The Byzantine reached its peak in power under his reign; he lost the land he attempted to gain back; his great triumph was rebuilding Hagia Sophia; reformed the law (Justinian’s code); ruled as an autocrat; ruled the church- Christ’s co-ruler on earth; his wife Theodora helped him rule

  6. 313- Constantine made Christianity the legal religion & rebuilt Constantinople • 527- Justinian becomes ruler of the Byzantine Empire • 532- riots & fires swept Constantinople making Justinian want to rebuild • 600s-700s Arab armies gained control of the Western World • 700s- Byzantine emperor outlawed the veneration/worshipping of icons • 1054*- controversies led to the Great Schism/split of the Christian church into 2: Greek Orthodox & Catholic • 1090- Byzantine Emperor called for help from the West to fight off the Seljuk Turks who were invading • 1100s- Justinian’s Code had reached Europe; the Byzantine Empire flourished • 1453*- the Ottoman Turks invaded Constantinople, took over, & est. the Ottoman Empire; the Byz. Emp was no more

  7. 313- Constantine makes Christianity the official religion of ByzEmp • 527- 565 : the peak of the Byzantine Empire under the rule of Justinian • 600-700: Arab armies gradually gained control of the Mediterranean • 700s- Byzantine emperor outlawed the veneration/worshipping of icons • 1054*- controversies led to the Great Schism/split of the Christian church into 2: Greek Orthodox & Catholic • 1090- Byzantine Emperor called for help from the West to fight off the Seljuk Turks who were invading • 1100s- Justinian’s Code had reached Europe; the Byzantine Empire flourished • 1453*- the Ottoman Turks invaded Constantinople, took over, & est. the Ottoman Empire; the Byz. Emp was no more

  8. Justinian’s Code (6th) • Who: Byzantines, Justinian • What: a collection of laws, Corpus JurisCivilis “Body of Civil Law”, that included laws passed by Roman assemblies or Emperors, and legal writings of Roman judges; law code of Byzantine Empire • Where: Eastern Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire • When: 500s-1100s • Why:

  9. Justinian’s code • Who: Romans, Byzantines, Justinian • What: a massive collection that included laws by Roman assemblies & legal writings of Roman judges; Body of Civil Law for the Byzantine Empire • Where: Byzantine Empire; Eastern Roman Empire • When: 500s- 1100s • Why: this law code impacted WE in that they modeled their laws on this & it helped to strengthen & centralize their power; led to legal thinkers creating international law; Justinian used this to unify his power under one central power

  10. Autocrat • Who: Justinian • What: a sole ruler with complete authority • WherE: Byzantine Empire • When: 500s- 1100s • Why: Justinian used the law to unify the Empire under his control; ruler of both political & religious spheres

  11. Autocrat (6th) • Who: Justinian • What: Sole ruler w. complete authority • Where: Byzantine Empire • When: 500s-1100s • Why: combined both political power & spiritual authority; had control of the church as well as the gov’t

  12. Theodora • Who: Justinian’s wife • What: she was an advisor & co-ruler to the emperor Justinian • Where: Constantinople, Byzantine Empire • When: 497-548 • Why: she constantly challenged the Emperor’s authority to pursue her own authority- she convinced him to stay in Constantinople when it was under siege; very good politician

  13. Theodora (6th) • Who: Justinian’s wife • What: advised her husband & pursued her own policies; was a shrewd politician • Where: Byzantine Empire • When: 497-548 • Why: she helped her husband become a better ruler; she forced Justinian to stay in Constantinople during the riots of 532- he then rebuilt into a great empire after

  14. Patriarch • Who: Emperor & Church official • What: pious church official in the Byzantine Empire; leader of the Eastern Orthodox church • Where: Constantinople, Byzantine Empire • When: 330-1453 • Why: Different from WE’s Catholic church- could marry & didn’t have complete control like the Pope; he controlled church affairs & was the highest church official

  15. Patriarch (6th) • Who: Byzantine Emperor & ruler of the Eastern Orthodox church • WhaT: highest church official of the Eastern Orthodox church in Constantinople • Where: Byzantine Empire • When: 330-1613 • Why: the Emperor of the Byzantine Empire would appoint a leader right under him that would help the Emperor make decisions about the church; this leader was similar to the Catholic Pope in the West except he could marry & didn’t have complete control

  16. Icons • Who: Byzantine Christians & Emperor • What: holy images • Where: Eastern Europe & Byzantine Empire • When: 330-1613 • Why: many Byzantine Christians used these images of Jesus, Mary & the saints in their worship; in the 700s a Byzantine Emperor outlawed the use of these icons b.c. it violated God’s commandment agnst worshipping; this was one of the main reasons for the Great Schism b.n Catholic & Orthodox Christianity- Catholics were ok, Orthodox said no

  17. Icons (6th) • Who: Christians • What: a dispute over holy images contributed to the Great Schism / split • Where: Byzantine Empire • When: 700-1000s • Why: many Byzantine Christians worshipped holy images of Jesus, Mary, and the saints; the Byzantine Emperor outlawed the veneration/worshipping of icons b.c. it violated God’s command against worshipping = one of the main disputes of the Great Schism

  18. Icons (7th) • Who: Byzantine Christians • What: holy images portraying Jesus, Mary, & saints • Where: Byzantine Empire • When: 700s- 1000s • Why: Christians used these in church to show their religious devotion; Byzantine Emperor outlawed the veneration/worshipping of icons b.c. it violated God’s command against worshipping = one of the main disputes of the Great Schism

  19. Great Schism • Who: Eastern & Western Roman Christians • What: a split b.n the Eastern & Western churches into 2 different Christian churches • WherE: Byzantine Empire & Western Europe • When: 1054* • Why: controversies b.n the 2 empires led to a split in the churches & the way they worshipped- Roman Catholic (West) & Greek Orthodox (East) ; they became rival Christian churches instead of branches

  20. Great Schism (6th) • Who: Christians • What: a controversy over certain characteristics in the church led to the split/schism of the Christian( Catholic) church into 2 parts • Where: Western Europe (West) & Byzantine Empire (East) • When: 1054* • Why: this split led to 2 diff Christian churches- Roman Catholic (West) & Greek Orthodox (East); controversy over things like use of icons, priests marrying, & what language to use

  21. Great Schism (7th) • Who: Byzantine Christians & Western Christians • What: a religious split where the ByzEmp (East) & West. Europe (West) split into 2 types of Christianity • Where: Byzantine Empire & Western Europe • When: 1054* • Why: this split was over controversies in the church such as the use of icons, marriage of priests, & what language to use; it led to 2 diff churches: Byzantine (East)- Greek Orthodox & West Europe- Roman Catholic

  22. Quiz • 1. Identify Justinian’s code. • 2. Give an effect of Justinian. • 3. Who was Theodora? • 4. Identify the Great Schism. • 5. What 2 religions came about from #4?

  23. Russia Section 2

  24. Steppe • Who: Nomadic peoples, peoples from Russia • What: an open, treeless grassland • Where: Russia • When: 500s-600s • Why: it offered splendid pasture for the herds & horses of nomadic peoples; nomads traveled on this land & it provided easy land to migrate from one place to another; they were able to travel from Russia to Byzantine to WE

  25. Steppe • Who: Asians, Europeans, & nomadic peoples • What: open grassland b/n Asia & Europe • Where: Asia to Europe • When: 330-1613 • Why: offered splendid pasture for the herds & horses of the nomadic ppls; nomads traveled on this land & it provided easy land to migrate from one place to another; they were able to travel from Russia to Byzantine to WE

  26. Kiev (3rd) • Who: Slavic peoples, Vikings, & Russians • What: the capital of present-day Ukraine, center of the first Russian state • Where: Ukraine, Eastern Europe • When: 500s- today • Why: this city’s culture & growth were a result of the mixing of the Vikings & Slavs; Vladimir made Orthodox Christianity the official religion= Russia adopted aspects of Byz culture; Kiev gained strength under Vladimir- the Russian ruler controlled the church too

  27. Kiev • Who: Russians, Slavic peoples • What: capital of present-day Ukraine, was the center of the 1st Russian state • Where: Russia • When: 500s-600s • Why: Slavic peoples lived here in 700s/800s; Vikings were here & mixed w. Slavic peoples; they conducted trade w. Constantinople

  28. Kiev (7th) • Who: Russians • What: capital of the present day Ukraine, the center of the 1st Russian state • Where: Russia • When: 500s-1613 • Why: its culture & growth were the result of a mixing of the Vikings & the Slavs; Vladimir made Orthodox Christianity the official religion= Russia adopted aspects of Byz culture; Kiev gained strength under Vladimir- the Russian ruler controlled the church too

  29. Cyrillic (3rd) • Who: 2 Greek brothers, Russians, Ukranians, Bulgarians • What: an alphabet that became written script still used in Russia & E. Europe today • Where: Russia, E. Europe • When: 863 • Why: the Byzantine Empire sent missionaries to convert Slavs in Russia in the 800s, 2 Greek brothers adapted the Greek alphabet into this so they could translate the bible into Slavic tongues in order to convert the ppls of Russia & EE

  30. Cyrillic (7th) • Who: 2 Greek brothers, Russians, Ukrainians, Bulgarians • What: an alphabet that was adapted from the Greek alphabet • Where: From the ByzEmp; to Russia, EE • When: 863 • Why: this allowed the Byzantine Greeks to translate their bible into Slavic language so they could convert the ppls of Russia & EE to Orthodox Christianity= Russia became Russian Orthodox Christian

  31. Golden Horde (3rd) • Who: Batu, Grandson of Genghis Khan • What: Mongol armies that looted & burned Kiev & other Russian towns, fierce conquerors that control Russia for 150 years • Where: Russia • When: 1236-1241 • Why: because they burnt Russian towns many ppl were killed, Golden Horde ruled Russia for more than 150 years; areas suffered destructive raids from the Mongols; Russian princes had to acknowledge Mongols as the rulers & pay tribute; they tolerated the Russian Orthodox Church; their rule served as an ex. To later Russian rulers

  32. Ivan the Great (6th) • Who: Russian War hero, Russian prince, Ivan III • What: brought most of Northern Russia under his rule & reconquered land from the Mongols • Where: Northern Russia • When: 1462-1505 • Why: he built the framework for absolute rule; he tried to limit the power of the Boyars(nobles); he adopted Byzantine customs to show their influence on Russia; he created the title Tsar

  33. Ivan the Great • Who: Ivan III, Russian prince • What: he brought much of Northern Russia under his rule • Where: Russia • When: 1462-1505 • Why: recovered Russian territory that had fallen into the hands of others

  34. Tsar (3rd) • Who: Ivan III, Ivan the Great • What: the Russian name for Caesar, title of Russia’s leader • Where: Russia • When: 1504-1917 • Why: the Tsar was like the highest God, leader of all of Russia; Ivan the Great created this title which remained until the end of absolute rule in Russia

  35. Tsar (6th) • Who: Russian ruler • What: Russian word for Caesar, absolute ruler of Russia • Where: Russia • When: 1500s • Why: Ivan the Great created this title to symbolize his absolute power, this title remained the name of Russia’s leader until 1917

  36. Tsar (7th) • Who: Ivan III (the Great) • What: Russian word for Caesar, title of Russia’s leader • Where: Russia • When: 1504- 1917 • Why: Ivan III (the Great) created this title; title of Russia’s absolute leader; Ivan IV was the first official Tsar

  37. Ivan the Terrible (6th) • Who: the first Russian ruler officially crowned tsar, Ivan the Great’s grandson, Ivan IV • What: ruler of Russia that centralized royal power by limiting Boyars, granted land in exchange for military service • Where: Russia • When: 1530-1584 • Why: introduced new laws that tied serfs to the land; unstable ruler that trusted no one & very violent= slaughtered many ppl (including his son) = he was called Ivan the Terrible; introduced Russia to extreme absolutism

  38. Ivan the Terrible (7th) • Who: Ivan IV, Tsar of Russia • What: introduced Russia to extreme absolute power; abused his power as Tsar = called Ivan the Terrible • Where: Russia • When: 1530-1584 • Why: introduced new laws that tied serfs to the land; unstable ruler that trusted no one & very violent= slaughtered many ppl (including his son) = he was called Ivan the Terrible

  39. Ivan the Terrible (3rd) • Who: Ivan IV, Ivan the Great’s grandson • What: he abused his powers as the Tsar of Russia = Ivan the Terrible • Where: Russia • When: 1541-1584 • Why: introduced new laws that tied serfs to the land; unstable ruler that trusted no one & very violent= slaughtered many ppl (including his son) = he was called Ivan the Terrible; introduced Russia to extreme absolutism; after his rule Russia was left seeping w. rebellion

  40. 500/600- the Slavic ppls spread east into Russia & south to BE • 700s-900s- Vikings arrive • 862- Russians claim their country started here when a prince called “the Rus” started controlling Novgorod, Russia • 863- 2 Greek brothers created Cyrillic so they could translate bible into slvaic tongue to convert Russians to Christianity

  41. Timeline (workbook) • 500s/600s- Slavic ppls spread east into Russia & South into Byzantine Empire • 862- Russia dated it’s origins of their country when Prince “the Rus” began his rule in Novgorod, Russia • 800s- Constantine sent Christian missionaries to convert the Slavs • 863- 2 Greek brothers invented Cyrillic to convert the Slavs of Russia • 957- Pricess Olga (ruler in Russia) converted to Christianity • 1200s- young leader (Genghis Khan) united nomadic warriors in Central Asia to start conquering land • 1236-1241- Batu (Mongol) led army into Russia, took over, & started Golden Horde (Mongol rule of Russia)

  42. Timeline (contd) • 1500- Ivan III (the Great) recovers Russian lands from the Golden horde (the Mongols) • 1547- Ivan IV becomes first Russian ruler officially crowned Tsar • 1560- Ivan IV became increasingly unstable • 1584- Ivan the IV (Terrible) dies leaving his lands seething w. rebellion

  43. Eastern Europe Section 3

  44. Balkan Peninsula • Who: E. Europeans • What: rough triangular arm of land that goes south into Mediterranean Sea • Where: E. Europe & Slavic nations & Russia • When: 330-1613 • Why: this wide piece of land lies between central Europe to the West; this links W. Europe & Russia; important trade routes came into Europe through here = this region having a large Byz influence

  45. Balkan Peninsula (6) • Who: Slavs, E. Europeans • What: a triangular arm of land surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea • Where: E. Europe/Southern Russia/Mediterranean Sea • When: 330-1613 • Why: this land was in between E. & W. Europe & Russia- it allowed for good trade in the region which led to many cultural influences in the Balkans

  46. Balkan Peninsula (7) • Who: Eastern Europeans • What: roughly triangular piece of land • Where: E. Europe, southern Russia in the Mediterranean Sea • When: 330-present • Why: the Danube & Vistula rivers travel through this region = trade from We. Europe/ Byzantine Empire/ Russia flourishes = allows for trade b.n cultures

  47. Ethnic group • Who: the Czech & Slavic ppls • What: a group of people that share the same language & culture heritage • Where: E. Europe, Balkans • When: 330-1613 • Why: groups of people that were part of the same ethnic group had more in common & this led them to forming cultural identities of their group of ppl; various groups migrate to E. Europe making E. Europe diverse

  48. Ethnic group (6) • Who: Slavs & E. Europeans • What: a group of ppl that share the same language & culture heritage • Where: the Balkans, E. Europe • When: 330-1613 • Why: groups of people that were part of the same ethnic group had more in common & this led them to forming cultural identities for their group of ppl; various groups migrated to E. Europe making E. Europe diverse (numerous ethnic grps in 1 area)

  49. Ethnic Group (7) • Who: E. Europeans, Slavs • What: a group of people that share the same language & cultural heritage • Where: E. Europe & South Russia • When: 330-1613 • Why: : groups of people that were part of the same ethnic group had more in common & this led them to forming cultural identities for their group of ppl; various groups migrated to E. Europe making E. Europe diverse (numerous ethnic grps in 1 area)

  50. Bubbles on the wkbook: • Northern regions bordering Germany &the Baltic Sea forged close links to W. Europe • Rivers & trade in the Balkans • Ease of migration = ppl seeking new homes • Slavs migrate throughout E. Europe = diverse • Asian peoples migrated to E. Europe (Huns, Avars, Bulgars, Magyars) • Vikings & Germanic ppls migrated to E. Europe • Byzantine culture & religion (Orthodox) spread into E. Europe • Jews had been persecuted & kicked out of W. Europe = E. Europe became refuge

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