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Psychology 10

Psychology 10. Analysis of Psychological Data January 22, 2014. Scientific Inquiry. Science is empirical Loop of scientific inquiry: Encounter a problem. Come up with an idea about it. (Hypothesis.) Observe. Reflect. Refine the problem. What does that have to do with statistics?.

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Psychology 10

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  1. Psychology 10 Analysis of Psychological Data January 22, 2014

  2. Scientific Inquiry • Science is empirical • Loop of scientific inquiry: • Encounter a problem. • Come up with an idea about it. (Hypothesis.) • Observe. • Reflect. • Refine the problem.

  3. What does that have to do with statistics? • Operationalization  numbers. • Measurement errors. • Samples and populations. • Sampling errors.

  4. Types of scientific inquiry • Correlational. • Experimental. • Quasi-experimental. • The issue of causation.

  5. What is a variable? • For our purposes, variables will generally be: • Numbers • That convey information • About some well defined entity.

  6. Numbers 53 38 38 38 35 52 33 51 49 39 43 52 47 52 50 41 51 17 47 33 51 52 39 37 48 52 36 43 20 35 50 45 55 43 42 41 46 30 35 43 49 45 45 50 36 36 49 45 45 48 52 35 45 41 25 29 36 47 42 48 27 28 41 48 42 48 38 49 48 46 36 37 44 16 45 42 37 47 43 40 38 43 40 49 37 40 40 33 47 48 20 40 40 31 36 49 42 32 40 42 42 48 42 32 31 30 29 42 46 44 39 48 48 42 54 49 45 54 43 52 45 54 49 41 50 23 41 45 37 39 55 43 28 52 49 39 50 54 46 37 41 48 42 28 31 34 51 31 46 50 49 34 22 46 45 52

  7. That convey information 53 38 38 38 35 52 33 51 49 39 43 52 47 52 50 41 51 17 47 33 51 52 39 37 48 52 36 43 20 35 50 45 55 43 42 41 46 30 35 43 49 45 45 50 36 36 49 45 45 48 52 35 45 41 25 29 36 47 42 48 27 28 41 48 42 48 38 49 48 46 36 37 44 16 45 42 37 47 43 40 38 43 40 49 37 40 40 33 47 48 20 40 40 31 36 49 42 32 40 42 42 48 42 32 31 30 29 42 46 44 39 48 48 42 54 49 45 54 43 52 45 54 49 41 50 23 41 45 37 39 55 43 28 52 49 39 50 54 46 37 41 48 42 28 31 34 51 31 46 50 49 34 22 46 45 52 Final exam scores…

  8. About some well defined entitity 53 38 38 38 35 52 33 51 49 39 43 52 47 52 50 41 51 17 47 33 51 52 39 37 48 52 36 43 20 35 50 45 55 43 42 41 46 30 35 43 49 45 45 50 36 36 49 45 45 48 52 35 45 41 25 29 36 47 42 48 27 28 41 48 42 48 38 49 48 46 36 37 44 16 45 42 37 47 43 40 38 43 40 49 37 40 40 33 47 48 20 40 40 31 36 49 42 32 40 42 42 48 42 32 31 30 29 42 46 44 39 48 48 42 54 49 45 54 43 52 45 54 49 41 50 23 41 45 37 39 55 43 28 52 49 39 50 54 46 37 41 48 42 28 31 34 51 31 46 50 49 34 22 46 45 52 Final exam scores from the last time I taught this class.

  9. Some related terminology • Independent and dependent variables. • Confounding variables. • Randomization.

  10. SS Stevens’ Levels of Measurement • Nominal ( =, ≠ ) • Ordinal ( =, ≠, >, < ) • Interval (=, ≠, >, < ,+,-) • Ratio ( =, ≠, >, <, +,-,,  )

  11. Discrete and continuous variables • Discrete: only a limited number of clear, distinct categories exist, with no values in between. • Continuous: a full (potentially infinite) range of values can occur. • Easily confused with levels of measurement.

  12. Order of operations • Parenthesis or brackets • Powers • Multiplication (and division) • Addition (and subtraction) • Summation notation: means “add up all the X’s” Examples

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