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Historical Trends in Illustration (Condensed) (part I)

Historical Trends in Illustration (Condensed) (part I). The (Very) Early Years. Caves Hieroglyphics Etc. “ Modern ” illustration as yet impossible Implies mass communication and therefore mass production. The Early Years. Medieval Manuscript Illumination. The Vienna Genesis

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Historical Trends in Illustration (Condensed) (part I)

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  1. Historical Trendsin Illustration (Condensed) (part I)

  2. The (Very) Early Years • Caves • Hieroglyphics • Etc. • “Modern” illustration as yet impossible • Implies mass communication and therefore mass production

  3. The Early Years Medieval Manuscript Illumination The Vienna Genesis Jacob Wrestling the Angel - early 6th C

  4. Getting Closer… Title Page for the Gospel of St. Mark Book of Kells 8th C

  5. Early Attempts at Reproduction • Begins with Guttenberg (1450s) and his moveable type printing press • Engraving • Made images possible, but dependent on the engraver’s point of view • Photo-halftone lithography • End of the 1800s • Ushered in the “Golden Age of Illustration”

  6. Pollaiuolo Battle of Ten Nude Men, 1470-75 Engraving • A method of cutting or incising a design into a material, usually metal, with a sharp tool called a graver. One of the intaglio methods of making prints • The print is made by inking such an incised (engraved) surface and running through a press • Most contemporary engraving is done in the production of currency, certificates, etc.

  7. Robert Nanteuil Portrait of Louis XIV, 17th C Detail of same

  8. Paul Revere The Boston Massacre March 5, 1770

  9. Etching • An etching needle is used to draw into a wax ground applied over a metal plate • The plate is then submerged in a series of acid baths, each biting into the metal surface only where unprotected by the ground • The ground is removed, ink is forced into the etched depressions, the unetched surfaces wiped, and an impression is printed Rembrandt Self Portrait with Raised Sabre 1634

  10. Rembrandt 100 Guilders Print, or Christ Healing the Sick – 1648-50

  11. M.C. Escher Eye, 1946 Mezzotint • Tonal, rather than linear engraving process • 17C - used widely as a reproductive printing process (esp. in England) until photo processes took over in mid-19C • A copper or steel plate is first worked all over with a curved, serrated tool called a rocker, raising burrs over the surface to hold the ink and print as a soft dark tone • Image is created in lighter tones by scraping out and burnishing areas of the roughened plate so that they hold less ink, or none in highlights • Details sharpened by engraving or etching in a "mixed mezzotint."

  12. William Say Sir William Hamilton and Society Dilettante (after a ptg by Sir Joshua Reynolds) 1780

  13. Lithography • Late 1800s - printing from a prepared flat stone, metal or plastic plate • A drawing is made on the stone or plate with a greasy crayon or tusche, and then washed with water. Ink is applied and sticks to the greasy drawing but runs off (or is resisted by) the wet surface allowing a print-- a lithograph-- to be made of the drawing • The plate is covered with a sheet of paper and both are run through a press • For color lithography, separate drawings/plates are made for each color and printed in register Baseball Card Ty Cobb, 1911

  14. Toulouse Lautrec Seated Female Clown, 1896 Honoré Daumier What to you mean by keeping me waiting for an hour out in the snow without an umbrella? 1843

  15. (The first mechanical offset litho presses were steam powered) George Bellows The Drunk, 1924 Marcel Duchamp L.H.O.O.W., 1919

  16. Early 19C • Felix Darley (1822-1888) • John James Audobon (1785-1851) • Currier and Ives • James Merritt Ives • Nathaniel Currier • Really a lithography “shop” or studio

  17. Little Nell and her Grandfather - 1888 Felix Darley Figures in a Landscape Near a Church - 1850

  18. First Blow for Liberty • “Most famous 19C American illustrator” • Mostly book illustrations (the dominant mass media of the era) Felix Darley Illustration from a Tale of Two Cities - 1870

  19. John James Audubon Bald Headed Eagle - 1829 - Failed British naval officer - Fled to US and published comprehensive bird and mammal anthologies

  20. Audubon White Gerfalcons Audubon Chaffinch, Greenfinch, and Bullfinch - 1827

  21. Currier & Ives • Really an artist studio • “Colored engravings for the people” Currier & Ives Brook Trout Fishing - 1862 Currier & Ives Express Train - 1870

  22. Currier & Ives Fire Brigade - 1854 Currier & Ives A Full Hand - 1884

  23. Mid 19C • Civil War coverage demanded imagery • Harper’s Weekly • Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper • Big names • Winslow Homer • Thomas Nast • Frederic Remington • Others • George Catlin, Thomas Moran, Charles Schreyvogel, Charles M. Russell • In Europe • Arthur Boyd Houghton, Gustave Doré

  24. Winslow Homer Sharpshooter, 1862 (wood engraving)

  25. Winslow Homer Prisoners from the Front, 1866

  26. Winslow Homer Watching the Tempest, 1881

  27. Thomas Nast A Live Jackass.., 1870 Thomas Nast The Off Year… 1877 Wood Engravings

  28. Thomas Nast Boss Tweed - 1871

  29. Thomas Nast Christmas Eve - 1863

  30. The “Prince of Caricaturists” Creator of the modern images of the Republican elephant and Democratic donkey and Santa Claus Thomas Nast Santa Claus in Camp - Jan 3 1863

  31. Thomas Moran Children of the Mountain - 1867 Charles M. Russell Ill (from Indian Old Man Stories)

  32. Frederic Remington Missing - 1899

  33. Remington The Bronco Buster - 1909 First big break came from Outing Magazine Remington The Stampede - 1908

  34. “Art is a she-devil of a mistress…” Remington The Cavalry Charge - 1907

  35. The most successful European book illustrator of the mid 19th C. Gustave Doré Cain and Abel - 1866 Gustave Doré The Flood - 1866

  36. Gustave Doré Dante’s Inferno - no.32 - 1861

  37. Gustave Doré Dante’s Inferno - 1861

  38. Turn of the Century • Newspapers and then magazines dominate the scene • First comic strips appear • Aubrey Beardsley, Phil May • Alphonse Mucha, Art Nouveau • Charles Dana Gibson • Gibson Girl • James Montgomery Flagg • Howard Pyle • The “father of American illustration”

  39. Halftone Lithography • Printed imagery in which shades of gray are represented by a minute pattern of dots of variable size. • A glass plate (screen) is marked off with crossing lines and placed before the lens of a camera when photographing for halftone reproduction • Each color is printed in dots at an angle

  40. Alponse Mucha 1896

  41. Alphonse Mucha The Moon, The Evening Star, the Polestar, and the Morning Star - 1902

  42. Alponse Mucha 1902 Art Nouveau Alponse Mucha Sarah Bernhardt as Gismonda 1895

  43. Alponse Mucha 1896 Alponse Mucha Dance 1898

  44. Alponse Mucha The Abolition of Serfdom in Russia 1914 Alponse Mucha 1899

  45. Aubrey Beardsley Images from Salome by Oscar Wilde - 1893

  46. James Montgomery Flagg 1917

  47. James Montgomery Flagg The Violin Maker - 1907 James Montgomery Flagg Tragedy and Comedy - 1914

  48. James Montgomery Flagg 1911 James Montgomery Flagg 1911

  49. James Montgomery Flagg Colier’s Magazine Cover - 1902 First commission at age 12!

  50. Howard Pyle Attack on a Galleon 1905 He also wrote many of the stories and books he illustrated

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