1 / 35

Is Lithium the New Oil? The Future of Electric Cars

Is Lithium the New Oil? The Future of Electric Cars. John Hiam. Hatch. Why Electric Cars. Global Warming - CO2 from car exhausts – 20% of US GHG Cars Pollute - Not just CO2 - Smog - Carcinogens Oil Supply and Price - Cheap Supply will decline (“Peak Oil”)

orsin
Download Presentation

Is Lithium the New Oil? The Future of Electric Cars

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Is Lithium the New Oil? The Future of Electric Cars John Hiam. Hatch

  2. Why Electric Cars • Global Warming - CO2 from car exhausts – 20% of US GHG • Cars Pollute - Not just CO2 - Smog - Carcinogens • Oil Supply and Price - Cheap Supply will decline (“Peak Oil”) - Price will rise • Oil Demand Increasing - Especially from Developing Countries

  3. Why Electric Cars (cont) No Oil Needed Less Pollution Less To No Greenhouse Gases (CO2)

  4. Solution Options • Improvements to Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) • “Clean” Diesels • Hybrids • Plug in Hybrids • Pure Electric Vehicles • Fuel Cells

  5. Solution Options • Improvements to Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) • “Clean” Diesels • Hybrids • Plug in Hybrids • Pure Electric Vehicles • Fuel Cells

  6. Improved ICE and Diesels • Fuel Management (Direct Injection etc.) • Improved Combustion • Cylinder Deactivation • Better Transmissions • Alternative Fuels (Bio Fuel, Ethanol etc) • Low Sulphur Fuel • Particle Traps • Urea Injection • Reduced Vehicle Weight BUT STILL NEED OIL & STILL EMIT CO2

  7. Toyota Prius 2010 7

  8. Key Hybrid Features • Part Electric Motor (EM) Part Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) • Electricity for EM from Rechargeable Battery • Batteries Recharged by Recovering Kinetic Energy, ICE &Plugging in

  9. Battery Choices Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) + Relatively Cheap + Very Reliable + Safe Lithium Ion (Li-Ion) + 2-3 Times Efficiency of NiMH + Expensive + Possible Safety Issue (Need Cooling?)

  10. LITHIUM ION CELL Charger/Motor Carbon Anode LiMnOxide Cathode Li+ Li-Ion Battery Cell Charge Discharge Electrolyte (Li Salt)

  11. Hybrid Types • Mild - ICE assisted by Electric Motor (EM) • Full - Either ICE or EM drives the car • Plug in Hybrid - Full Hybrid that can be plugged in • Chevrolet Volt

  12. Chevrolet Volt 12

  13. Chevrolet Volt “Extended Range EV” EM Drives the Car (Most of the Time) Large Li-Ion Battery Battery Recharged by ICE, Plugging In and Regenerative Braking

  14. Hybrid Fuel Consumption & Costs • Mild - Small Reduction in Fuel Consumption - Small Purchase Cost Penalty • Full - Significant Fuel Consumption Reduction (30%) - Higher Purchase Cost (+10% to +20%) • Volt and PHEV - Big Reduction in Fuel Consumption (for trips less than 60km) - Very High Cost (+100% for Volt) – big battery & complex engineering

  15. Tesla 15

  16. Nissan Leaf 16

  17. Pure Electric Vehicles Electric Motor & Rechargeable Battery (NiMH or Li Ion) Battery Charged by Plugging in No Pollutants or GHG emitted by Car Pollutants etc emitted by Power Supply - Coal – CO2, particulates etc. - Natural Gas – CO2 - Hydro, Wind & Solar – none - Nuclear – Waste

  18. Electric Vehicle GHG Emissions If coal for electricity – 458 Kg CO2/gigajoule If Natural Gas – 214 Kg CO2/gigajoule Regular ICE – 541 Kg/gigajoule Diesel – 429 Kg/gigajoule

  19. Electric Car Concerns/Advantages Limited Range : 50 km – 200 km Frequent Recharging Needed - Need many charging locations Charging takes many hours – 24 hrs @110 volts, 4 -8 hrs @ 220 volts, 30 min @ 440 volts Batteries very expensive - $10,000 plus

  20. Electric Car Concerns/Advantages Reliability & Safety Unproven Excellent Performance (Acceleration etc) Very Low Maintenance Costs Very Low Running Costs

  21. Hydrogen Car 21

  22. Fuel Cells • Fuel is Hydrogen • Cell Uses Catalyst to Convert Hydrogen to Electrons and Hydrogen Ions • Electrons (Electricity) Power the Electric Motor • Electrons and Ions React with Air (Oxygen) Producing Water

  23. Fuel Cell Characteristics Only emit Water Vapour Same Range as ICE Rapid Refuelling (Similar to ICE) Poor at Low Temperatures (Below Zero Celsius) Toyota Says Problem Solved

  24. Fuel Cell Characteristics Unproven Technology Cells Very Expensive Cell Durability Questions No Hydrogen Distribution Infrastructure Inferior Energy Balance (Need Energy to Make Hydrogen)

  25. Fuel Economy (Km/US Gal)

  26. Fuelling Costs($/Km)

  27. Vehicle Costs in USD (Small Car)

  28. Vehicle Costs in USD (Large Car)

  29. Possible Future Scenario Near Future (5 years) - Improved ICE and Diesels - Hybrids - Plug in Hybrids - EVs for Cities & Short Commutes Mid Term (5 – 10 years) - As for 5 years - EVs with Extended Range Long Term (10 + years) - As for 10 years - Fuel Cell Powered?

  30. Developments Needed Resolve Safety Issue Reduce Costs of Power Pack (Batteries) Improve Capacity, Recharging Time and Range - Carbon Nano Tubes for Anodes? - Silicon Anodes? - Improved Li Cathodes - Improved Electrolytes - Many Other Ideas Being Investigated

  31. Developments Needed (cont) Recharging Infrastructure - Home Charging (Higher Voltages – 440V) - Public Charging Points (Higher Voltages) - “Intelligent” Grid & Chargers - Long Term – Supply Grid Upgrade

  32. Developments Needed (cont) Possible Rapid Battery Exchange System Battery Recycling Environmentally Friendly Power Generation Early Year Subsidies

  33. Conclusions Internal Combustion Engines Will Continue To Be Produced For Many Years Market for All Hybrid Types Will Grow Pure EVs Limited to Short Distances Till Limitations Resolved Li Ion Batteries Best Option Currently Available Li Is Not The “New Oil” It is a Promising Energy Source “Green” Power Generation Optimises EV Benefits

  34. Conclusions (cont) Growth Rate Depends On: - Improved Li-Ion Batteries - Lower Cost Batteries -Recharging Infrastructure - Price & Availability of Oil -Government Fuel Economy & Emissions Mandates - Fuel Cells Threat?

More Related