6-4.4

1. 6-4.4 Explain the contributions, features, and the rise and fall of the North American ancestors of the numerous Native American tribes, including the Adena, Hopewell, Pueblo, and Mississippian cultures.

2. The Anasazi

3. Where were the Anasazi located? The Anasazi were located in the American Southwest in modern-day Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, and Colorado.

5. What is the geography like in the lands of the Anasazi? The Anasazi settled in the desert. The rugged cliffs of the Chaco Canyon is where this civilization flourished. They were able to use dams, ditches and canals to capture rainfall from the tops of mesas and channel to gardens at the bottom of the canyon floor.

7. What were Anasazi cities like? The Anasazi lived in apartment like-structures called pueblos (villages). The largest city-states in Chaco Canyon was Pueblo Bonito. Pueblo Bonito housed more than 1000 people in over 800 rooms.

8. Pueblo Bonito

10. Anasazi Crafts The Anasazi were able to create an extensive trade network by building roads. They were expert craftsmen known their turquoise jewelry, woven baskets, and black on white pottery.

14. What happened to the Anasazi? The civilization existed between the years 500 and 1200. The Anasazi abandoned the region possibly due to years of excessive drought. However, the culture of the Anasazi have greatly influenced the Hopi and Zuni cultures that still exist today.

15. The Mississippi

16. Where were the Mississippi located? The Mississippi were located in the Southeastern United States along the Mississippi River Valley. Early ancestors called the Adena and Hopewell came from the Ohio River Valley region.

18. Who were the Adena? They were ancestors of the Mississippi who were farming the Ohio Valley by 700 BC. They were known for their copper jewelry, fine pottery, and elaborate burial mounds comprised of log structures covered by massive piles of earth.

21. Who were the Hopewell? They were ancestors of the Mississippi that arrived in the Ohio Valley around 300 BC and began building mounds. Artifacts from these mounds suggest that the Hopewell were involved in a trading network from Wyoming to the Atlantic, and from the Gulf to the Great Lakes.

24. The Mississippi Culture The Mississippi culture arose along the river valleys of the Mississippi River. They created the largest mounds of the group of natives known as the “mound builders.”

25. Mounds of the Mississippi

26. Mississippi Farming The Mississippi cultivated many crops. However, by 800 AD, they began to grow maize and beans. These crops allowed the native population to increase forming many cities.

28. Mississippi Cities Mississippi cities were centered around large, pyramid-shaped mounds that served as temples or houses of the elite. The largest city was Cahokia, near East St. Louis in Illinois. This city and others had populations over 10,000 people. Around 1250 AD, the population of Cahokia is believed to be larger that Paris and London.

30. What happened to the Mississippi? For reasons that remain a mystery, the Mississippi civilization collapsed in the early 1300s. However, this culture greatly influence other Eastern Woodland tribes. These future cultures greatly relied on the cultivation of corn and beans as well as the building of mounds.