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AN OVER VIEW OF FUEL PROCESSOR TECHNOLOGIES FOR FUEL CELL APPLICATIONS

AN OVER VIEW OF FUEL PROCESSOR TECHNOLOGIES FOR FUEL CELL APPLICATIONS. K.Venkateshwarlu, T.Krishnudu and K.B.S.Prasad Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad- 500 007, India. Fuel Processing. Fuel Processor. C + O 2 CO 2 C + H 2 O CO + H 2 C + CO 2 2CO

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AN OVER VIEW OF FUEL PROCESSOR TECHNOLOGIES FOR FUEL CELL APPLICATIONS

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  1. AN OVER VIEW OF FUEL PROCESSOR TECHNOLOGIES FOR FUEL CELL APPLICATIONS K.Venkateshwarlu, T.Krishnudu and K.B.S.Prasad Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad- 500 007, India

  2. Fuel Processing

  3. Fuel Processor

  4. C + O2 CO2 C + H2OCO + H2 C + CO2 2CO CO + H2O CO2 + H2 CO + 3H2 CH4 +H2O Gasification of solid fuels Generic Types Moving bed Fluidized bed Entrained bed Second generation BGL Shell Texaco KRW HT Winkler and many more

  5. Steam Reforming CxHy + x H2O x CO + (x + y)/2 H2 CxHyO + (2x-1)H2O n CO2 + (2n-1+(m/2))H2 Catalytic system: CuO/ZnO, CuO/SiO2, CuO/ZnO/SiO2 For Methanol: 250-2600C Ethanol : >3000C Advantages : Maximum Hydrogen generation Disadvantages: Indirect Heat transfer

  6. Partial Oxidation • CxHy + x/2 O2 x CO + y/2 H2 • Advantages: • Any type of hydrocarbon • Direct Heat transfer Disadvantages: • Low H2 production • Dilution of gas with N2 • Soot formation

  7. Auto thermal Reforming • CH4 +H2O  CO+3H2H=+206.16 kJ/mol • CH4+1/2O2 CO+2H2 H= -36 MJ/kmol • Combination of Steam Reforming and partial oxidation • Reactions are balanced in such a way net energy requirement is Zero (H = 0)

  8. Catalytic decomposition • CH3OH 2 H2 + CO • Mostly suitable for Alcohols • Soot formation and carbon deposition for • Hydrocarbons

  9. Desulphurisation • Gas phase Desulphurisation • ZnO + H2S ZnS (s) + H2O (g) • 2 to 3 kg ZnO sufficient for one year Automobile operation • Liquid Fuel Desulphurisation • Gasoline 30-40 ppm 1-2ppm Sulphur • For high sulphur Fuels hydro treatment followed by gas phase • Desulphurisation Adsorption Chemical reaction

  10. High temperature & Low temperature Shift reaction CO + H2O CO2 + H2 HT Shift: Iron and Chromium Oxide Catalyst. Temperature 350-4500C LT Shift: Copper and Zinc Oxide Catalyst. Temperature 200-2500C

  11. Carbon Monoxide Clean-up • Chemical • Preferential oxidation • CO + ½ O2 CO2 • H2 + ½ O2 H2O • Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru are catalysts (~ 1200C) • Methanation • CO + 3 H2 CH4 + H2O • Ru, Rh are catalysts. Temperature 100-2200C • Physical • Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) • Membranes-Metal or polymeric • Solvent Absorption

  12. Fuel Processor using Membrane Reactor CO + H2O = CO2 + H2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - H2 Fuel Air H2O Primary Reformer H2, CO2, N2 H2,CO,N2 To Fuel Cell

  13. Novel Reformer Technologies • Solvent enhanced reforming • Calcium Oxide along with steam reforming catalyst is added. • Composition 90% H2, 10% CH4, 0.5% CO2 and <50ppm CO • Downstream processing load is reduced. • Ion transport membrane reforming • Oxygen on one side of the membrane (1-5 psig) • Methane & steam on the other side of the membrane (100-500 psig) • Plasma Reformers • HT plasma (3000-100000C) is generated by electric arc in • plasmatron

  14. 10 kW Reformer at IICT • Methanol – Steam Reformer using indigenous catalyst developed • Reformer Integrated with a 500W PEM fuel Cell • Funding Agency: MNES (Rs. 60 lakhs)

  15. Present Status of Work -Project : 50 kw fuel cell power pack for technology demonstration -     Outlay : Rs. 234 lakhs. -     Funding agency : MNES

  16. Conclusions • Presently liquid fuels like gasoline & Diesel which contain high aromatic content and sulfur are not very suitable for on board applications. • Availability of Methanol & Ethanol for fuel uses are inadequate. • For use of natural gas economic and environmental benefits are to studied in detail. • A multi fuel Reformer needs to be developed (For fuels with small range of C/H ratio). • Thrust areas for R&D • Development of reactors/separators (Membrane) • Indigenous Catalyst development

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