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Flu and Pneumo (Vaxigrip and Pneumo23)

Flu and Pneumo (Vaxigrip and Pneumo23). Dennis S. Quiambao, MD Medical and Government Affairs Manager. Influenza. Influenza. "An unvarying disease caused by a varying virus". Kilbourne, 1980. Influenza. Worldwide: 10% of the population gets the flu

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Flu and Pneumo (Vaxigrip and Pneumo23)

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  1. Flu and Pneumo(Vaxigrip and Pneumo23) Dennis S. Quiambao, MD Medical and Government Affairs Manager

  2. Influenza

  3. Influenza "An unvarying disease caused by a varying virus" Kilbourne, 1980

  4. Influenza • Worldwide: 10% of the population gets the flu • USA: more than 200,000 people are hospitalized from flu complications; and about 36,000 people die from flu. • Philippines: • 5th leading cause of morbidity • Rate per 100,000 population: 414.6

  5. Different Types of Influenza Virus • Type A • most serious type • most common form, usually breaking out every two or three years • Type B • Type C

  6. Why be concerned about influenza? • Absenteeism, income and learning opportunities lost • Presenteeism • Cause complications, hospitalization and death among the high-risk groups • The looming threat of a pandemic due to a novel virus

  7. Asthmatics Chronic bronchitis patients Diabetics Kidney and liver disease patients Who should be vaccinated? • >50 years old • Children 6months – 5 years old • Immunocompromised • Health care workers • Anyone who wishes to be vaccinated

  8. Annual Flu Vaccination in Adults, Current Local Recommendations: Recommended by: • Philippine College of Chest Physicians • Philippine Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases • Philippine Foundation for Vaccination

  9. Contraindication True allergy to chicken eggs

  10. Possible adverse events • Soreness, redness or swelling at the injection site • Low grade fever • Muscle aches

  11. Preventing Influenza • Each year a new vaccine is prepared which when given can prevent influenza • WHO recommends which viral strains will be included in the vaccine • Vaccine is about 89% effective in preventing disease, and for the 11% not covered by the vaccine, the illness caused by the virus is milder because of partial protection from the viral strains in the vaccine (cross protection)

  12. Southern Hemisphere Recommendation 2012 • an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like virus; • an A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2)-like virus; • a B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus

  13. Seasonal Occurrence of Influenza

  14. INTERNATIONAL SURVEILLANCE NETWORK VACCINE MANUFACTURER J F M A M J J A S O N D F M WHO (Northern hemisphere) PRODUCTION MELBOURNE (Southern hemisphere) PRODUCTION Choice of strains Vaccine on time Vaccine Manufacturing Time Lines

  15. Timing of Influenza Vaccination • Vaccination should be given once a year preferably from February to June • The Southern Hemisphere vaccine which is made available starting February of each year is recommended to cover the expected increase in influenza activity from June to November.

  16. Influenza: Frequently Asked Questions

  17. Can the flu shot give me the flu? • No, the flu shot cannot cause flu illness. • The three influenza viruses contained in the flu vaccine are each inactivated (killed), which means they cannot cause infection.

  18. Why do I need to get vaccinated against the flu every year? • Vaccine against influenza viruses change from year to year, which means two things. • First, you can get the flu more than once. The immunity that is built up from having the flu caused by one virus strain doesn't always provide protection when a new strain is circulating. • Second, a vaccine made against flu viruses circulating last year may not protect against the newer viruses. That is why the influenza vaccine is updated to include current viruses every year. • Another reason to get flu vaccine every year is that after you get vaccinated your immunity declines over time and may be too low to provide protection after a year.

  19. Does the flu vaccine work right away? • No. It takes about two weeks after vaccination for antibodies to develop in the body and provide protection against influenza virus infection. In the meantime, you are still at risk for getting the flu. • That's why it's better to get vaccinated early before the flu season really gets under way.

  20. Pneumococcal Disease

  21. High Burden of Disease • Serious pneumococcal infections are a major global health problem • A leading cause of death and morbidity in all ages, in both developed and developing world • WHO estimates 11 to 20 M hospitalizations from pneumonia occur each year in developing countries • At least 1M children die every year from pneumococcal infections – primarily pneumonia and meningitis- including >800,000 children under 5 years old

  22. SteptococcusPneumoniae: The bacterium Also called « pneumococcus » It’s polysaccharide capsule protects the bacterium against attack from the immune system • There are at least 90 different serotypes of S. pneumoniae [1] • The 10 most common serotypes are estimated to account for about 62% of invasive diseases worldwide [2] [1] Fedson and Musher. In: Vaccines, 4th ed., 2004 [2] PINK BOOK. 10th edition February 2007

  23. S. Pneumoniae: Transmission and colonization Colonization:S. Pneumoniae iscommon inhabitant of the respiratory tract and may be isolated from the nasopharynx of 5% to 70% of healthy adults [1a] Humans may carry the bacteria without being infected but may still pass on the bacteria to others Transmission:Person-to-person via respiratory droplets/secretions OR Autoinoculation in asymptomatic carriers [1b] Nasal cavity Asymptomatic carrier Nasopharynx:site of colonization Aerosol Trachea Inhalation Patient with pneumococcal disease Dissemination [1] PINK BOOK. 10th edition February 2007 [2] Adapted from Musher DM. Streptococcus pneumoniae 1995

  24. S. Pneumoniae: Pathogenesis Meningitis Breach of blood-brain barrier CSF leakage Sinusitis Otitis media Nasopharyngeal colonization Breach of mucociliary defenses Bacteraemia Peritonitis Arthritis arc Breach of phagocytic defenses Pneumonia Adapted from [1] Salyers & Whitt. In: Bacterial Pathogenesis: A Molecular Approach. 1994

  25. Factors predisposing to pneumococcal disease Age [1] • Age-related impairment of the immune system and other defense mechanisms • Decreased physical activity • Chronic diseases • Poor nutrition INCREASED RISK OF SEVERE PNEUMOCOCCAL DISEASE [1] Musher DM. In Mandell G, Bennett JE, Dolin R editors. Principles and practice of infectious disease.4th ed. New York, USA: Churchill Livingstone, Inc.; 1995. p. 1811-26

  26. Factors predisposing to pneumococcal disease Chronic illness [1a] Cardiovasculardisease Pulmonary disease Diabetes Liver cirrhosis RISK OF DECOMPENSATION OF THE UNDERLYING DISEASEAND INCREASED RISK OF SEVERE PNEUMOCOCCAL DISEASE [1] CDC. Prevention of pneumococcal disease. Recommendations of the ACIP. MMWR 1997; 46 (N° RR-8): 1-24

  27. Factors predisposing to pneumococcal disease Immunodeficiency [1] • HIV Infection • Sickle cell anaemia • Haematological neoplasms • Immunosuppressive therapies • Organ transplantation • Cancers (e.g. lymphomas, myelomas) INCREASED RISK OF SEVERE PNEUMOCOCCAL DISEASE [1] Musher DM. In Mandell G, Bennett JE, Dolin R editors. Principles and practice of infectious disease. 4th ed. New York, USA: Churchill Livingstone, Inc.; 1995. p. 1811-26

  28. Factors predisposing to pneumococcal infection Environmental factors Very close contact Nursing homes/ hospitals for elderly persons Prisons Shelters for homeless persons PREDISPOSITION TO PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTION [1] Musher DM. In Mandell G, Bennett JE, Dolin R editors. Principles and practice of infectious disease. 4th ed. New York, USA: Churchill Livingstone, Inc.; 1995. p. 1811-26

  29. 10 Leading Causes of Morbidity2007, FHSIS Data, Philippines

  30. Pneumococcus: Diversity of Serotypes • There are at least 90 different serotypes of S. pneumoniae1,2 • Each has a capsule of a different chemical composition • Each stimulates the production of a different antibody • Only a minority of serotypes cause most cases of human disease • 8-10 cause two-thirds of serious pneumococcal infections in adults3 1 Fedson, Musher, in Vaccines, 1994 2 Henrichsen, J Clin Microbiol, 1995 3 UK DoH, Immunisation Against Infectious Disease, 1996

  31. Pneumococcal Vaccines: Antigen Composition • 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine contains purified capsular polysaccharides derived from 23 S. pneumoniae serotypes1 • 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 8, 9N, 9V, 10A,11A, 12F, 14, 15B, 17F, 18C, 19A, 19F, 20, 22F, 23F, 33F • Serotype coverage2,3 • 85-90% of serotypes responsible for all cases of invasive pneumococcal disease • Vaccine includes major serotypes that have developed antimicrobial resistance • Cross protection within some serotypes1 • For example, antibody response to serotype 6B protects against serotype 6A, which is not in the vaccine 1 CDC, MMWR, 1989 2 Fedson, Musher, in Vaccines, 1994 3 Geslin et al., Méd Mal Infect, 1992

  32. Pneumococcal Disease Prevention: Vaccination Recommendations • WHO view (Technical Advisory Group convened by WHO Regional Office for Europe, 1988)1 • Pneumococcal vaccination should be recommended for all elderly persons (aged ³60-65 years) and for persons of any age at high risk of acquiring pneumococcal infection • National recommendations • Many countries recommend vaccination for specific at-risk groups or conditions • Some countries recommend vaccination for elderly persons aged: • ³60 years: Belgium, Germany, Iceland • ³65 years: Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, USA, Canada, New Zealand 1 Fedson et al., Infection 1989

  33. Local associations that recommend pneumococcal vaccination • Philippine Foundation for Vaccination (PFV) • Philippine Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (PSMID) • Philippine College of Chest Physicians (PCCP)

  34. Pneumococcal Vaccination Recommendation • Age > 60 yrs (routinely): once • If < 60 yrs but with the following conditions: • Chronic illnesses (Cardio,COPD, Chronic Tuberculosis*, Bronchiectasis, diabetics, cirrhosis, CSF leaks) • Immunocompromised (lymphoma, leukemia) • Chronic renal failure, nephrotic syndrome • Transplant patients • Patients on chemo/ radio therapy • HIV/ AIDS functional or anatomic asplenia

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