PRACTICAL GPS APPLICATIONS IN FORESTRY & AGRICULTURE MIKE CLIFFORD VIRGINIA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION

1. PRACTICAL GPS APPLICATIONS IN FORESTRY & AGRICULTUREMIKE CLIFFORD VIRGINIA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION

2. PRACTICAL GPS APPLICATIONS IN FORESTRY & AGRICULTURE Workshop & Field Tests • Introductions; Workshop & Field Testing Objectives • Basics of the Global Positioning System. • Features and operations of GPS receivers – Garmin eTrex series & others. • Digital topographic maps - MapTech Terrain Navigator & Garmin Mapsource. • Transfer of waypoints, tracks (area perimeter), and routes (cruise lines & plots). • Set up cruise lines on Terrain Navigator and GPS units. Test in the field. • Use GPS to calculate area in the field and compare results to • 1. Traditional methods • 2.Terrain Navigator's area calculation figures • 3. Post-collection DGPS figures. • Discuss available sources and resources. • Evaluation and follow-up.

3. GPS and GIS DEFINITIONS • GPS is short for Global Positioning System which is • "a network of satellites that continuously transmit coded information, which makes it possible to precisely identify locations on earth by measuring distance from the satellites". • Of course, many users also refer to their hand-held GPS receivers as "my GPS" ... as in the statement "my GPS' • batteries went dead and I got lost!" • GIS is short for Geographic Information System(s). "In the strictest sense, a GIS is a computer system capable of assembling, storing, manipulating, and displaying geographically referenced information , i.e. data identified according to their locations. Practitioners also regard the total GIS as including operating personnel and the data that go into the system" • ( from: http://www.usgs.gov/research/gis/title.html ).

4. BASIC INFORMATION • PROVIDED BY GPS RECEIVERS . . . • YOUR CURRENT POSITION • COORDINATES (LATITUDE & LONGITUDE, UTM, MGRS, ETC.) • ELEVATION (APPROXIMATE) • DIRECTION TO SPECIFIED WAYPOINTS (“MARKERS”) • (0R BETWEEN WAYPOINTS) • DISTANCE TO SPECIFIED WAYPOINTS • (0R BETWEEN WAYPOINTS) • YOUR SPEEDOF TRAVEL • YOUR DIRECTIONOF TRAVEL

5. . . . AND OFTEN MUCH MORE MAPS TIME OF DAY CROSS TRACK ERROR ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVAL ESTIMATED TIME ENROUTE COORDINATES OF CITIES & TOWNS AREA MEASUREMENT ETC.

6. MILITARY MARITIME AUTOMOTIVE SURVEYING AVIATION AGRICULTURE FORESTRY ENVIRONMENTAL PUBLIC SAFETY HIKING HUNTING NATURE STUDY FISHING BOATING BIKING SKIING SNOWMOBILING GEOCACHING GOLF ! SOME GPS APPLICATIONS COMMERCE & GOVERNMENT RECREATIONAL

7. HOW CAN WE UTILIZE GPS IN 4-H PROGRAMMING? EDUCATIONAL & OPERATIONAL USES WILDLIFE MAPPING HIGH ADVENTURE LEADER TRAINING SEARCH & RESCUE BIG TREE SEARCH SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY HUNTER EDUCATION TRIP PLANNING & SAFETY ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION FISHING & CANOEING AND LOTS MORE !

8. The NAVSTAR System 24 Satellites 6 orbital plates 11,000 miles up 12 hour orbit from GPS Land Navigation by Michael Ferguson

9. THE EARTH: Latitude & Longitude from GPS Land Navigation by Michael Ferguson

10. ERROR SOURCES Multipath interference Atmospheric/Ionospheric Geometric DOP Clock Ephemeris S.A. (now turned off) and Human Error! LINE OF SIGHT from GPS Land Navigation by Michael Ferguson

11. Plot of position accuracy using standard Lowrance GPS receiver (stationary). Note the differences in scale • 5.5 hour period immediately prior to shutoff of selective availability 8 hour period immediately after shutoff of selective availability

12. MAP DATUMS • WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984 Default datum on Garmin and most other GPS receivers. Most accurate datum, but not yet in wide use on maps. • NAD27 (NAD27CONUS) North American 1927 Older datum used on most USGS topographic maps. (We will be using this datum for the workshop) • NAD83 North American Datum 1983 Very similar to WGS84. Used on newer USGS maps. • and hundreds of others!

13. COORDINATE SYSTEMS • LATITUDE / LONGITUDE(ANGULAR) DEGREES - MINUTES - SECONDS • UTM / UPS (RECTANGULAR, METRIC) UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR(WE WILL BE USING UTM IN OUR FIELD EXERCISES) UNIVERSAL POLAR STEREOGRAPHIC • MGRS (UTM USING ALPHANUMERIC I.D.) MILITARY GRID REFERENCE SYSTEM OTHERS … TOWNSHIP & RANGE, STATE PLANE COORDINATE, ETC.

14. ACCURACY STANDARD CIVILIAN RECEIVERS (Selective Availability OFF) HORIZONTAL ACCURACY TO 15 METERS (49.2’) OR BETTER VERTICAL ACCURACY (altitude) TO 100 METERS (328’)

15. DIFFERENTIAL GPS (DGPS) SYSTEMS TO IMPROVE POSITION ACCURACY • Coast Guard • Commercial Ground & Satellite Based Correction • Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)

16. WIDE AREA AUGMENTATION SYSTEM FAA SPONSORED GEO-STATIONARY SATELLITES (# 35 for us) FREE ACCESS ACCURACY TO 3 METERS INSTALLED ON MOST NEW (2001+) GPS MODELS

18. NAVIGATION BASICS 1. KNOW YOUR POSITION 2. PLAN YOUR ROUTE 3. STAY ON YOUR ROUTE 4. RECOGNIZE YOUR DESTINATION

19. Garmin eTrex Models with Area Measurement Capability “eTrex+” Venture$149.00 Legend $209.00 Vista $285.00

32. ENTERING COORDINATES TO CREATE A NEW WAYPOINT IN ETREX + • ON MENU PAGE, SELECT MARK. • NAME IT & SELECT SYMBOL (optional) • ENTER ELEVATION (optional) • ENTER COORDINATE DATA • SELECT “OK” AND YOU’RE DONE

33. PROJECTING COORDINATES TO CREATE A NEW WAYPOINT IN ETREX+ CREATE A NEW WAYPOINT BY ENTERING A BEARING AND DISTANCE FROM YOUR CURRENT POSITION OR ANY EXISTING WAYPOINT • ON MENU PAGE SELECT FIND. • SELECT AN EXISTING WAYPOINT AND ENTER • FROM MENU OPTION, SELECT PROJECT. • NAME IT & SELECT SYMBOL (optional) • ENTER DISTANCE • ENTER BEARING • SELECT OK AND YOU’RE DONE

34. ETREX+ AREA MEASUREMENT: Venture Legend Vista Legend & Vista only All 3 models All 3 models

35. AREA MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES Using Venture/Legend/Vista GPS Receiver alone: *Calculate from perimeter measurement. *Accessories - “area calculation” function. *Route - “route area’ function (not Venture). Using Terrain Navigator (TN) alone: *Distance Tools - trace & calculate. *Track Tool - trace, finish, calculate. *Route Tool - trace, edit/loop, calculate. Using combination of GPS and Terrain Navigator: *Transfer GPS track to TN for calculation. *Transfer GPS route to TN for calculation. *Transfer GPS corner waypoints to TN. *Transfer TN waypts, track, or route to GPS.

36. AREA MEASUREMENT USING “ACCESSORIES” 1. On Menu page, enter Accessories 2. Enter Area Calc. (area calculation triangle). 3. Highlight and press Start (stop will appear). 4. Travel perimeter of the tract, then press Stop. 5. Record and save (as a track) if desired. 6. Clear the track log. Area and perimeter measurements can be displayed in in a variety of units.

37. AREA MEASUREMENT USING “ROUTE” (Legend & Vista only) • 1. On Main Menu page, enter Route. • 2. Enter New (unless using an existing route). • 3. Enter a sequence of waypoints (first and last should be the same). • 4. Name and save the route. • 5. Highlight route and select Route Area on the options menu. • Area measurement can be displayed in a variety of units. • Perimeter and leg distances can be viewed as selectable fields

38. SETTING UP GPS CRUISE LINES & PLOTS OR OTHER LINEAR SAMPLING IN THE FIELD WITH GPS RECEIVER: 1. Mark starting waypoint 2. Project (enter bearing & distance) additional plot points. 3. Create route (cruise line & plots). (This is one of several possible methods) USING TERRAIN NAVIGATOR: 1. Mark starting waypoint; determine bearing & distances. 2. Use Route tool to draw cruise lines and plots. 3. Transfer to GPS receiver.(This also is one of several possible methods)

39. TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS

40. AERIAL PHOTO TOPOGRAPHIC MAP

41. TOPO MAP MARGIN INFO: BOTTOM CENTER

42. TOPO MAP MARGIN INFO: BOTTOM LEFT

43. TOPO MAP MARGIN INFO: BOTTOM RIGHT

46. DEMONSTRATIONS: MapTech TERRAIN NAVIGATOR and Garmin MAPSOURCE

47. THE END