Chapter 9

1. Chapter 9 The East Asian World

2. Section 1 – China at Its Height • QOD – What was remarkable about the naval voyages under Emperor Yong Le? • Objective – Describe the Ming and Qing dynasties and the “closed country” policy of China.

3. The Ming Dynasty • The Ming dynasty began with the overthrow of the Mongols in China • Ming rulers ran an effective government, using centralized bureaucracy staffed by officials that had taken the civil service exam • Ming emperors set up a nationwide school • They completed the Grand Canal for trade • The Ming dynasty began a time of greatness in China

4. The Ming Dynasty • Emperor Yong Le began construction of the Imperial City. • The Imperial City was the home of China’s emperors for nearly 500 years

5. The Ming Dynasty • Zheng He was a court official who led the naval voyages of exploration during the Ming dynasty • China made 7 voyages of exploration • The voyages produced great profits • After Yong Le’s death the voyages stopped

6. The Ming Dynasty • 1514-Portuguese fleet arrived to China • The emperor viewed the Europeans as barbarians • Educated Jesuit missionaries made the trip to China and impressed Chinese officials with clocks and eye glasses • Jesuits were impressed with the architecture and books • Jesuits learned the teachings of Confucius while teaching Christianity to the Chinese

7. The Ming Dynasty • The Ming declined due to weak rulers, govt. corruption, high taxes, low crop yields, and epidemics • Li Zichengled the peasant revolt that overthrew the Ming dynasty • The overthrow of the Ming allowed Manchus to seize power and establish the Qing dynasty

8. The Ming Dynasty • The Manchus were a farming and hunting people and they created the Qing dynasty which remained in power until 1911

9. The Qing Dynasty • Chinese resisted the new Manchu rulers • To more easily identify the rebels, the govt. ordered all Chinese men to adopt Manchu dress and hairstyle. • They were to shave their foreheads and braid their hair into a pigtail called a queue

10. The Qing Dynasty • The Manchus were gradually accepted and the Qing dynasty flourished • A series of strong emperors corrected social and economic ills and restored peace & prosperity

11. The Qing Dynasty • The Qing maintained the Ming political system. The Manchus dealt in 2 ways with the fact that they were ethically & culturally different from their subjects • 1. Preserved their identities by having a different legal status, maintaining large landholdings, and forming separate Manchu Military units called Banners • 2. Brought the Chinese into top ranks-showing willingness to share power

12. The Qing Dynasty • Banners- separate Manchu military units, which became the chief Qing fighting force

13. The Qing Dynasty • Kangxi was perhaps China’s greatest emperor. He took control while still a teenager and ruled for 61 years • Highly disciplined and diligent • Supported the arts and letters • Tolerant of Christians

14. The Qing Dynasty • The Qing dynasty showed the first signs of internal decay during the reign of Qianlong • Qianlong rejected Britain’s request for more liberal trade policies

15. Section 2 – Chinese Society and Culture • QOD – Why did the population increase between 1500 and 1800? • Objective – Describe the population growth, family structure, daily life, and cultural elements of China.

16. Economic Changes-Commercial Capitalism • Despite the growth in trade and manufacturing, China did not develop the kind of commercial capitalism that was emerging in Europe. • Differences between China and Europe explain this fact

17. Economic Changes-Commercial Capitalism • First, middle-class merchants and manufacturers in China were not independent as those in Europe • Trade and manufacturing remained under the firm control of the govt. • Many Chinese looked down on trade and manufacturing as being inferior to farming

18. Daily Life • Confucian emphasis remained strong and provided stability to the Chinese society • Family were expected to put each other’s needs before their own • Ideal family was the extended family • Clan- beyond the extended family; consisted of dozens, or even hundreds of related families

19. Daily Life • Women were to be subordinate to the husband-he could divorce if she did not produce sons • Footbinding- considered a status symbol for Chinese women • Made marrying easier • Process was painful and could barely walk

20. Cultural Developments • During Ming dynasty, a new literacy developed • The Golden Locus- a Chinese novel, considered to be the first realistic social novel • The Dream of the Red Chamber- considered even today to be China’s most distinguished popular novel • Cao Xuegin- the author of the novel, The Dream of the Red Chamber

21. Cultural Development • The most famous of all the arts of the Ming era was blue-and-white porcelain, which Europeans collected in great quantities

22. Section 3 – Tokugawa Japan and Korea • QOD – What economic changes took place under the Tokugawa shoguns? • Objective – Describe the unification of Japan and economic and cultural changes up to 1750.

23. The Three Great Unifiers • Japan was in chaos at the end of the 15th cen. • Daimyo- heads of the noble Japanese families, controlled their own lands and fought each other • Oda Nobunaga- began the restoration of a central Japanese authority • Tokugawa Ieyasu- succeeded Oda; he continued the unity & brought a long period of peace-”Great Peace”

24. Tokugawa Rule • Tokugawa completed the restoration of central authority in Japan in the early 1600s

25. Tokugawa Rule • State was divided into 250 territories called hans • A daimyo ruled each • The shogunate controlled the daimyo by a hostage system • Hostage System • The daimyo had to maintain 2 residences one in their own lands and one in Edo, where the shogun lived

26. Economic and Social Changes • A major economic change occurred under the Tokuagawa • Trade and manufacturing flourished esp in Edo, Kyoto, and Osaka • Confucian view was breaking down • A merchant class emerged and banking and a paper money system developed • Edo was one of the world’s largest cities

27. Economic and Social Changes • Some peasant families benefited by exploiting the growing need for cash crops • Most experienced declining profits and rising costs • The class system became rigid-rulers established strict distinctions among the 4 main classes-warriors, peasants, artisans, and merchants

28. Economic and Social Changes • The emperor and court were at the top • Next were the Warrior class-shogun, daimyo, samurai, and ronin • Ronin-warriors without masters who traveled around in search of work

29. Economic and Social Changes • Next were Farmers- often poor • The Artisans- such as carpenters and swordmakers • Merchants- the lowest class because they profited from the labor of others • Eta- the very bottom, Japan’s outcasts. Their residence, hairstyle, and dress were regulated

30. Tokugawa Culture • Ihara Saikaku- author of Five Women Who Loved Love • Matsuo Basho- greatest of all Japanese poets • New world of urban entertainment gave rise to Kabuki theater • Form of entertainment that emphasized action, music, and dramatic gestures

31. Tokugawa Culture • Fearing Kabuki could corrupt the nation’s morals, Japanese govt. officials forbade women from appearing on stage, creating a new professional class of male actors • Japanese pottery borrowed designs and techniques from Korea

32. Korea: The Hermit Kingdom • The Yi dynasty is the Korean dynasty that remained in power during the entire Tokugawa Era in Japan • Because its rulers tried to keep it isolated from the rest of the world, Korea earned the name, “The Hermit Kingdom”

33. Korea: The Hermit Kingdom • ToyoyomiHideyoshi- in 1590 had persuaded most of the daimyo to accept his authority • He was not successful, but Korea was devastated • 1630-Manchu forced the Yi to become subject to China