Scientific Literature Seminar on Attention and Inattentional Blindness Klaus P. Jantke

1. Title Scientific Literature Seminar on Attention and Inattentional Blindness Klaus P. Jantke jantke@fit-leipzig.de jantke@meme.hokudai.ac.jp

2. We would like to widen our horizons. • We would like to relate our own work • to research in other disciplines. • Sometimes, perhaps, we get inspirations • for our own research and development. • Sometimes, perhaps, we get ideas of novel cooperation opportunities. • We may learn about other methodologies of research and development, other ways to see and to approach problems, other standards and other styles. Motivation

3. Research in Cognitive Sciences on human attention in learning, at work, … Topic • Issues studied in particular: • The importance of attention • How to attract the humans‘ attention? • What does attract attention? • Problems with attention

4. Research in Cognitive Sciences on human attention in learning, at work, … Topic

5. Manfred Spitzer Lernen Spektrum Akadem. Verlag, 2002 Attention as a Gate Opener for Learning It is against state policy to pave over a deer. AP, 22.08.1996 S. B. Most, B. J. Scholl, E. R. Clifford, D. J. Simons What You See Is What You Set: Sustained Inattentional Blindness and the Capture of Awareness Psychological Review, 112, 2005, 217–242 Sources K. Weide, C. Scheier The visual impact of award-winning ads Quirk’s Marketing Research Review 2005 V. Sundstedt, K. Debattista, A. Chalmers Selective Rendering using Task-Importance Maps APGV - Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization, 2004, ACM, p. 175

6. V. Sundstedt, K. Debattista, P. Longhurst, A. Chalmers, T. Troscianko Visual Attention for Efficient High-Fidelity Graphics Spring Conference on Computer Graphics (SCCG), 2005, 162--168 Sources G. Rees, C. Russell, C. D. Frith, J. Driver Inattentional Blindness Versus Inattentional Amnesia for Fixated But Ignored Words Science 286, 1999, 2505-2507 J. Triesch, D. H. Ballard, M. M. Hayhoe, B. T. Sullivan What you see is what you need Journal of Vision 3, 2003, 86-94

7. P. E. Downing, D. Bray, J. Rogers, C. Childs Bodies capture attention when nothing is expected Cognition 93, 2004, B27-B38 U. Neisser, R. Becklen Selective looking: Attending to visually specified events Cognitive Psychology 7, 1975, 480–494 Sources D. J. Simons, C. F. Chabris Gorillas in our midst: sustained inattentional blindness for dynamic events Perception, 28, 1999, 1059-1074 A. Mack, I. Rock Inattentional Blindness MIT Press 1998

8. A Wide Spectrum of Results Illustrated Imagine you are watching a football game between, say, Japan and England, ... S. B. Most, B. J. Scholl, E. R. Clifford, D. J. Simons What You See Is What You Set: Sustained Inattentional Blindness and the Capture of Awareness Psychological Review, 112, 2005, 217–242 Results I The Study: 100 probands watching faces (4 African American, 4 Caucasian) moving on a rectangular space in a haphazard way occasionally bouncing off display edges. Task: counting number of bounces of one face type. Unexpected event: One face moving straight from right to left over the scene.

9. A Wide Spectrum of Results Illustrated K. Weide, C. Scheier The visual impact of award-winning ads Quirk’s Marketing Research Review 2005 Results I The Study: Eye tracking on a variety of advertisements. Award winning, but not very successful.

10. A Wide Spectrum of Results Illustrated Results I Award winning and successful.

11. A Wide Spectrum of Results Illustrated Results I Neither award winning nor successful.

12. A Wide Spectrum of Results Illustrated Results I No award, but much success.

13. A Wide Spectrum of Results Illustrated V. Sundstedt, K. Debattista, A. Chalmers Selective Rendering using Task-Importance Maps APGV - Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization, 2004, ACM, p. 175 V. Sundstedt, K. Debattista, P. Longhurst, A. Chalmers, T. Troscianko Visual Attention for Efficient High-Fidelity Graphics Spring Conference on Computer Graphics (SCCG), 2005, 162--168 Results I The Work: Rendering frames of videos with different quality in different places.

14. J. Triesch, D. H. Ballard, M. M. Hayhoe, B. T. Sullivan What you see is what you need Journal of Vision 3, 2003, 86-94 Studying attention and inattentional blindness in virtual reality environments Results II

15. The Study: Pick up the bricks from front to back and put them on one conveyor belt. Pick up the tall bricks first and the short bricks afterwards. Put them all on one belt. Pick up the tall bricks first and put them on the closer belt. Then pick up the short bricks and put them on the next belt. Results II

16. Occasionally, bricks were changing their height during manipulation … Results II percentage of changes recognized number of subjects noticing a certain percentage of changes

17. Occasionally, bricks were changing their height during manipulation … Results II

18. Occasionally, bricks were changing their height during manipulation … Summed times spent fixating the brick during put-down when either no change occurred, a change was unnoticed, or the change was noticed, for the three different task conditions. Results II

19. S. B. Most, B. J. Scholl, E. R. Clifford, D. J. Simons What You See Is What You Set: Sustained Inattentional Blindness and the Capture of Awareness Psychological Review, 112, 2005, 217–242 P. E. Downing, D. Bray, J. Rogers, C. Childs Bodies capture attention when nothing is expected Cognition 93, 2004, B27-B38 Results II

20. P. E. Downing, D. Bray, J. Rogers, C. Childs Bodies capture attention when nothing is expected Cognition 93, 2004, B27-B38 Results II Participants were instructed to judge whether the vertical or horizontal arm of the cross was longer.

21. P. E. Downing, D. Bray, J. Rogers, C. Childs Bodies capture attention when nothing is expected Cognition 93, 2004, B27-B38 Results II

22. U. Neisser, R. Becklen Selective looking: Attending to visually specified events Cognitive Psychology 7, 1975, 480–494 D. J. Simons, C. F. Chabris Gorillas in our midst: sustained inattentional blindness for dynamic events Perception, 28, 1999, 1059-1074 Classics

23. D. J. Simons, C. F. Chabris Gorillas in our midst: sustained inattentional blindness for dynamic events Perception, 28, 1999, 1059-1074 Classics

24. The results reported are consistent with many other experiments and with some of our own experiences. Some results are surprising and, perhaps, counter-intuitive. There are several myths in business and in literature (the Z pattern, e.g.). Science may clarify those issues. Inattentional blindness (IB) is a serious problem and may have severe impact. There is no way, in general, to avoid IB. Discussion

25. The following remarks are my very own conclusions. Although working in computer science, we can learn a lot from cognitive sciences. Everybody engaged in teaching should know about attention and related issues like IB. Everybody engaged in teaching should know about attention and related issues like IB. Sometimes, we might derive practical conclusions from the results of other disciplines. Conclusion