Monocotyledons : monocots, Monocotyledoneae , or Liliopsida

Monocotyledons: monocots, Monocotyledoneae, or Liliopsida Chapter 7 Simpson, 2nd Edition

Hemerocallisfulvaday-lily C. Order Asparagales Hemerocallidaceae– day-lily family

C. Order Asparagales Alliaceae– onion family 13/600

Amaryllidaceae– Amaryllis family 59/850 C. Order Asparagales

Asphodelaceae– Aloe family 15/780 C. Order Asparagales

P3+3 or (3+3) A3 or (3) G(3) inferior mostly C. Order Asparagales Iridaceae- iris family 70/1750 cosmopolitan/tropical diversity equitant leaves sepals and petals petaloid but dimorphic showy flowers radial to strongly zygomorphic stigma petaloid (Iris) anther under stigma branch

Crocus Gladiolus Freesia C. Order Asparagales Iridaceae - iris family Sisyrinchium

C. Order Asparagales Iridaceae- iris family

pollinia stigma anther cap stigma column P(3+3) A1-3 G(3) inferior with gynostemium C. Order Asparagales Orchidaceae- orchid family 800/20,000 cosmopolitan/tropical diversity 1) strongly mycotropic habit in terrestrial species 2) diverse in tropics and subtropics; many epiphytic 3) numerous tiny seeds with minute mostly undifferentiated embryo and no endosperm 4) bilateral corolla with labellum = lower lip (simple, sac or spur) [labellum is actually the upper petal but because of resupination, a 180° twist, it appears as the lower one] 6) pollinia - waxy or mealy masses under anther cap 7) gynostemium- stigma + styles + androecium = column 8) pollination involves many elaborate mechanisms 9) five subfamilies

C. Order Asparagales Orchidaceae - orchid family

C. Order Asparagales Orchidaceae - orchid family Spiranthescernua

Vanilla planifolia - vanilla extracted from the fermented capsules Platanthera praeclara - Prairie fringed orchid Cattleya - common cultivated form Habenaria – green fringed orchid Cypripedium - Lady’s slipper C. Order Asparagales Orchidaceae - orchid family

Commelinids • monophyletic • chemical apomorphy: cell walls fluoresce under UV light due to a class of organic acids (coumaric, diferulic, ferulic)

D. Order Arecales P3+3 A3+3 or (3+3) G3or(3) superior Arecaceae (= Palmae) - palm family 200/3000 pantropical arborescenthabit – no secondary growth (from vascular cambium) unbranched trunks broad leaf blade large fan-shaped or pinnately compound leaves = frond well developed vascular system that has vessels in all vegetative organs mycorrhizal roots (lack root hairs) immense economic importance, 2nd only to Poaceae edible fruits, oils, waxes, building materials, numerous ornamentals

Phoenix - date palm Washingtonia- fan palm D. Order Arecales Arecaceae (= Palmae) - palm family Cocos - coconut palm

Commelina - dayflower Tradescantia - spiderwort E. Commelinales K3or(3) C3or(3) A3or3+3 G(3) superior Commelinaceae- spiderwort family 39/640cosmopolitan herbs with swollen nodes somewhat succulent leaves with closed sheaths; spiral along stem flowers subtended by boat-shaped spathes

E. Commelinales Commelinaceae - spiderwort family Prairie Spiderwort Tradescantia occidentalis

F. Zingiberales P(3+3) A5-6 G(3) inferior Musaceae– banana family 3/40 cosmopolitan perennial herbs monecious stems subterranean leaves large, basal, spiral, sheathing forming pseudostem of overlapping leaf bases Old world origins Food: Musa acuminataand M. X paradisiaca Fiber: M. textilis& M. basjoo

F. Poales • basal groups with showy flowers • many species have small, reduced, wind-pollinated flowers

F. Poales P0-3 A3 P0-3 G1 superior Typhaceae- cattail family 1/13 cosmopolitan • emergent aquatics • rhizomatous perennials • leaves simple, entire • monecious • inflorescence double spadix • male above • female below • sepals of bristles or scales • wind pollination • female inflorescence disperses wind-dispersed fruits

F. Poales Typhaceae- cattail family

E. Poales P3+3 or (3+3) A3+3 G(3) superior or inferior Bromeliaceae- pineapple family 59/2400 New World – tropical diversity perennial herbs or shrubs terrestrial or epiphytic absorptive peltatetrichomes – water & mineral water can collect in “well” by the overlapping leaf bases (tank) leaves often form dense basal rosettes leaves leathery or fleshy twisted stigmas

E. Poales P3+3 or (3+3) A3+3 G(3) superior or inferior Bromeliaceae- pineapple family

Tillandsia – spanish moss Ananas comosus - pineapple E. Poales Bromeliaceae- pineapple family

E. Poales P3+3 A3+3 G(3) superior Juncaceae- rush family 7/350 worldwide • perennial herbs • “grass-like” • variable stems • cylindrical, leaflless stems • flattened stems & 2-ranked equitant leaves • distinct flowers (unlike sedges and grasses) never in spikelets • scarious (thin, dry) perianth • common in wet areas • fruit loculicidal capsule

E. Poales P6or0 A3 G(2-3) superior Cyperaceae- sedge family 104/5000cosmopolitan; wetlands of temperate and colder regions “grass-like” herbs semi-aquatic stems 3-sided, solid pith leaves three-ranked blades flat inflorescence of 1-many spikelets fruit = achene

E. Poales Cyperaceae- sedge family

Cyperus - sedge Scirpus - bullrush Eleocharis – spike-rush Carex - sedge E. Poales Cyperaceae- sedge family

E. Poales P2-3 lodicules A2-3 G(2-3) superior Poaceae (=Graminae) - grass family 668/9500 cosmopolitan herbs stems terete, swollen nodes, hollow leaves two-ranked with ligules roots adventitious and fibrous rhizomes/stolons culms erect intercalary meristems inflorescence a spikelet with 2 basal bracts (glumes) floret with 2 bracts (lemma & palea) fruit caryopsis (grain)

E. Poales Poaceae (=Graminae) - grass family

Poaceae (=Graminae) - grass family E. Poales Big Bluestem – Andropogongerardii Little Bluestem – Schizachyriumscoparium(Andropogonscoparius) Indian Grass – Sorghastrumnutans Switch Grass – Panicumvirgatum

Monocotyledons : monocots, Monocotyledoneae , or Liliopsida