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Anomie

Anomie. Anomie: the breakdown of social order as a result of the loss of standards and values, normlessness. Anomie. Durkheim believed that rapid social change caused crime. Merton’s Adaptations: Conformity. We accept the goals of society. We have the means to attain these goals. .

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Anomie

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  1. Anomie Anomie: the breakdown of social order as a result of the loss of standards and values, normlessness

  2. Anomie Durkheim believed that rapid social change caused crime

  3. Merton’s Adaptations: Conformity We accept the goals of society. We have the means to attain these goals.

  4. Merton’s Adaptations: Innovation OK, We accept the goals of society. There is no way we can reach these goals. We can experiment with new behavior.

  5. Merton’s Adaptations: Innovation A&M RECORDS, INC., a corporation; GEFFEN RECORDS, INC., a corporation; INTERSCOPE RECORDS; SONY MUSIC ENTERTAINMENT, INC.; MCA RECORDS, INC.; ATLANTIC RECORDING CORP.; ISLAND RECORDS, INC.; MOTOWN RECORD CO.; CAPITOL RECORDS, INC., Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. NAPSTER, INC., Defendant-Appellant.

  6. Merton’s Adaptations: Ritualism • Ritualism: Abandon society’s goals and concentrate only on the means. • Gain pleasure from practicing rituals regardless of their purpose • Manners and customs of religious sects and fraternities

  7. Robert MertonModes of Adaptation Continued • Retreatism: Individuals who give up on the goals and the means. • Rebellion: Individuals who reject the cultural goals and the cultural means and substitute new cultural goals and means.

  8. Merton’s Modes of Individual Adaptation + = acceptance; - = rejection; +/- = rejection and substitution

  9. The Goal of Economic Success Causes: • The devaluation of non-economic roles and functions • The accommodation of other institutions to economic needs • The penetration of economic norms

  10. Strain Theory and Corporate Crime (Crimes of the Powerful) • Illegal strategies which reduce the cost of production include refusing to make costly changes in products known to be dangerous • Anti trust Violations • Illegally Suppressing Labor Unions Pressures+Opportunities=Criminal Behavior

  11. Criticisms of Anomie Strain Theory • Why do certain types of people commit certain types of crime? • Why do some juvenile delinquents commit crimes and then stop? • Don’t different people share different values? Does Merton’s Theory take ethnic cultural values into account?

  12. Criticisms of Anomie Strain Theory • Is Crime a Lower Class Phenomenon? • Does nothing to explain Expressive Crimes

  13. Crime Preventions Strategies Based on Strain Theory • Head Start • Project Follow Through • Perry Preschool Project • Job Corps

  14. General Strain TheoryRobert Agnew • Strain caused by failure to achieve positively valued goals. • Stress caused by the removal of positively valued stimuli from the individual. • Strain caused by the presentation of negative stimuli.

  15. GST • Strain interacts with a PERSON’S Social Traits. This produces Criminality

  16. GST • Criminality is a result of Negative Affective States • Anger, frustration and adverse emotions that result from destructive emotional relationships

  17. Sources of Strain Negative Affective States Antisocial Behavior Failure to Achieve Goals • Anger • Frustration • Disappointment • Depression • fear Drug abuse Delinquency Violence Dropping out Disjunction of expectations and achievements Removal of Positive Stimuli Presentation of Negative Stimuli

  18. Sources of Strain • Social Sources • Membership in a social group • Interaction with other (strained) delinquents • Demands of peer groups force members into behavior patterns • Community Sources • Influence the goals and the ability to meet them • Influence feelings of relative deprivation • Influence that angry strain filled individuals will interact

  19. GST and Career Criminals • Certain People have traits that are more susceptible to strain • Aggressive people are more likely to have poor interpersonal skills: People they associate with may not like them either • Rejection of conventional peers • Join disruptive groups

  20. Empirical Support of GST • Adolescents who score high perceptions of strain are also statistically related to criminality • Drug Abusers report “Life Stress”

  21. Criticisms of GST • Assumes that Criminality is the Source for Stress Reduction • Coping Mechanisms Abound • Does not explain Crime Rate vs. Gender

  22. Radical Analysis of Strain Theory • Merton theorizes that antisocial behavior is called forth by strain, Agnew theorizes that individual strains produce a certain social indignation: Why is there criminality (historically) in societies with reduced class stratification (Communist experiments) • Reduced Innovation

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