Verb Review: Indicative

1. Verb Review: Indicative tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatus, raise, lift Present Active tollo tollis tollit tollimus tollitis tollunt Imperfect Active tollebam tollebas tollebat tollebamus tollebatis tollebant Future Active tollam tolles tollet tollemus tolletis tollent Present Passive tollor tolleris tollitur tollimur tollimini tolluntur Imperfect Passive tollebar tollebaris tollebatur tollebamur tollebamini tollebantur Future Active tollar tolleris tolletur tollemur tollemini tollentur

2. Verb Review: Indicative supero, superare, superavi, superatus,overcome Present Active supero superas superat superamus superatis superant Imperfect Active superabam superabas superabat superabamus superabatis superabant. Future Active superabo superabis superabit superabimus superabitis superabunt Present Active superar superaris superatur superamur superamini superantur Imperfect Passive superabar superabaris superabatur superabamur superabamini superabantur Future Passive superabor superaberis superabitur superabimur superabimini superabuntur

3. Verb Review: Indicative fero, ferre, tuli, latus,bring Perfect Active tuli tulisti tulit tulimus tulistis tulerunt Pluperfect Active tuleram tuleras tulerat tuleramus tuleratis tulerant Future Perf Active tulero tuleris tulerit tulerimus tuleritis tulerint Perfect Passive latus sum latus es latus est lati sumus lati estis lati sunt Pluperfect Passive lata eram lata eras lata erat latae eramus latae eratis latae erant Future Perf Passive latum ero latum eris latum erit lata erimus lata eritis lata erunt

4. Verb Review: Indicative What should we remember?

5. Verb Review: Subjunctive tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatus,raise, lift Imperfect Active tollerem tolleres tolleret tolleremus tolleretis tollerent Pluperfect Active sustulissem sustulisses sustulisset sustulissemus sustulissetis sustulissent Imperfect Passive tollerer tollereris tolleretur tolleremur tolleremini tollerentur Pluperfect Passive sublatus essem sublata esses sublatum esset sublati essemus sublatae essetis sublata essent

6. Verb Review: Subjunctive • What are important things to remember about the subjunctive? • Tense is determined by time relationship to main verb • Imperfect = going on at the same time as main verb • Pluperfect = happened before main verb • Used in specific kinds of subordinate clauses • Indirect Questions • Cum Clauses • The subjunctive translates like the indicative. No sweat.

7. Verb Review: Subjunctive Some recent subjunctive spottings in your chapter stories. • Cum amphitheatro appropinquaremus, vidimus magnam hominum multitudinem per portas intrare. • Cum ad locum senatoribus reservatum venissemus, vidimus Titum eo iam ductum esse. • Marcus coniciebat quot spectatores amphitheatro contineri possent. • Eo ipso tempore Eucleides ingressus pueros rogavit cur tam tristes essent. • Cornelius, cum audivisset quid Sextus fecisset, “Sexte!” clamavit. “Veni huc!”

8. Verb Review: Participles Present Active Participle • Present Participle uses the 2nd principle part • 1st conjugation:putans, putantis, thinking • 2nd conjugation:continens, continentis, holding • 3rd conjugation:tollens, tollentis, raising • 3rd–I & 4th :rapiens, rapientis, seizing; sciens, scientis, knowing • Deponents done identically: conans, trying; proficiscens, setting out • Additional translations:while thinking, as thinking, or a relative clause • Sometimes a present participle can be used as a noun. putantes, thinking people, thinkers amantes, loving people, lovers • Declined in the 3rd declension.

9. Verb Review: Participles Present Active Participle • Nunc Cornelia conspicit poetam versūs recitantem. • Now Cornelia spots a poet (as he is) reciting his verses. • Viae erant plenae hominum ad munera proficiscentum. • The roads were full of people (who were) setting out for the games. • Gladiatores contra pulvinar stantes imperatorem salutaverunt. • The gladiators (while they were) standing in front of the imperial seat greeted the emperor. • Marcus et Cornelius cum aliis intrantibus per portas ambulaverunt. • Cornelius and Marcus walked through the gates with the other people who were entering.

10. Verb Review: Participles Perfect Passive Participle • The 4th principle part is the perfect passive participle, therefore there is no difference in formation among the different conjugations. • Several acceptable translations. inventus: • Having been found • Found (-ed) • Who had been found • Deponent verbs are translated actively. egressus: • Having left • After leaving • Who had left

11. Verb Review: Participles Perfect Passive Participle • Coquusvocatus ab omnibus laudatus est. • After the cook had been summoned he was praised by everyone. • Cornelius ad locum senatoribus reservatum ductus est. • Cornelius was led to the placed reserved for senators. • Illā nocte viae plenae hominum ex amphitheatro egressorum. • That night the roads were full of men who had left the amphitheater. • Eucleidesingressus latrunculis cum pueris ludit. • After Eucleides entered he played “bandits” with the boys. • Sextus ad furemcollapsum cucurrit. • Sextus ran toward the fallen thief.

12. Verb Review: Participles Future Active Participle • Uses the 4th principal part, same with every conjugation • Speraturus • Putaturus • Futurus • Regular and deponent verbs form this identically. • Shows action on the verge of happening. profecturus: • About to set out • On the verge of setting out • Going to set out • Intending to set out

13. Verb Review: Participles Future Active Participle • Cornelia pupam ad filiam Davi missura est. • Cornelia is going to give the doll to Davus’s daughter. • Thisbe, iam moritura, “O me miseram!” clamat. • Thisbe, already on the point of dying, cried, “Poor me!” • Cornelius cenam amicis daturus Eucleidem arcessit. • Cornelius, who was intending to give a dinner for friends, summoned Eucleides. • Abituri te salutant. • Those who are about to leave salute you.

14. Verb Review: Ablative Absolute Takes two independent clauses and puts one in the ablative, often with a participle. Sextus verba grammatici audivit, sed manum non extendit. Verbis grammatici auditis, Sextus manum non extendit. Titus pecuniam dedit et deinde vinum bibit. Pecuniā datā, Titus vinum bibit.

15. Verb Review: Ablative Absolute The noun involved in the ablative absolute is not grammatically connected to the rest of the sentence. The ablative absolute is a substitution for a clause. Pueri in ludo clamabant et grammaticus iratus fiebat. Pueris in ludo clamantibus, grammaticus iratus fiebat. Eucleides in luto collapsus est et praedones ridentes discesserunt. Eucleide in luto collapso, praedones ridentes discesserunt.

16. Verb Review: Ablative Absolute • Easiest way to translate an ablative absolute: • Perfect participle: when the noun had been participled. • Present participle: when/while the noun was participling. • Future participle: when/whilethe noun was about to participle. • Tense of the participle shows relation to the main verb: • Perfect participle: action before the main verb. • Present participle: action at the same time as the main verb. • Future participle: action after the main verb. • No participle (noun/noun or noun/adjective): assume present tense.

17. Verb Review: Ablative Absolute • Lanistis concursantibus, gladiatores acriter pugnaverunt. • While the lanistae were running around, the gladiators fought fiercely. • Tum, clamore sublato, spectatores principem salutaverunt. • Then, after a shout was raised, the spectators greeted the emperor. • Cornelio et Marco profecturis, Sextus lacrimans in atrium cucurrit. • As Cornelius and Marcus were about to leave, Sextus ran into the atrium crying. • Gladiatoribus ingressis, subito fuit silentium. • After the gladiators had entered suddenly there was silence. • Caesare generis humani amore, munera erunt magnifica. • Caesar being the love of the human race, the games will be magnificent. • Muneribus magnificis, spectatores imperatorem laudaverunt. • The games being magnificent, the spectators praised the emperor.

18. Verb Review: Indirect Statement

19. Verb Review: Indirect Statement

20. Verb Review: Indirect Statement What are the elements involved in going from Sextus”Ludum non amo,” inquit to Sextus dixit se ludum non amare. • Start with a statement: Sextus “Ludum non amo,” inquit. • To report but not quote the statement: • Start with a verb of saying, thinking, believing, etc. • Put the subject of the original statement in the accusative. • Put the verb of the original statement into the infinitive. • Leave the rest of the sentence alone. • Sextus dixit • Sextus dixit + se • Sextus dixit se + amare • Sextus dixit se ludum non amare

21. Verb Review: Indirect Statement • Reports a statement or a thought rather than quoting it. • Look for it following verbs of saying, thinking, believing, seeing, trusting, hearing, and the like. • N.B. the verb inquit is used only for quotations and is never used in indirect statement • The indirect statement has its subject in the accusative and the verb in the infinitive. • Davus putat Sextum molestissimum esse. • There are no modifications to the rest of the sentence. • Translation tip: use “that” after the introductory verb. • Davus thinks that Sextus is very annoying.

22. Verb Review: Indirect Statement Present Infinitive: action at the same time as the main verb. Perfect Infinitive: action that happened before the main verb Future Infinitive: Time after the action of the main verb

23. The perfect active infinitive is used to report something that has previously happened. Marcus aliis discipulis dixit Sextum cum pupā dormivisse. Marcus said to the other students that Sextus had slept with a doll. The present infinitive is used to report something that is currently happening. Marcus Corneliae dixit Sextum cum pupā dormire. Marcus said to Cornelia that Sextus was sleeping with a doll. The future infinitive is used to report something that will happen after the main verb. Marcus Eucleidi dixit Sextum cum pupā dormiturum esse. Marcus said to Eucleides that Sextus was going to sleep with a doll.

24. Verb Review: Indirect Statement • Dicunt Severum et Elisabettam egredi. • They say that Severus and Liz are leaving. • Dixerunt Severum et Elisabettam egredi. • They said that Severus and Liz were leaving. • Dicunt Severum et Elisabettam egressos esse. • They say that Severus and Liz have left. • Dixerunt Severum et Elisabettam egressos esse. • They said that Severus and Liz had left. • Dicunt Severum et Elisabettam egressuros esse. • They say that Severus and Liz will leave. • Dixerunt Severum et Elisabettam egressuros esse. • They said that Severus and Liz would leave.