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2. Resources Chapter Presentation Visual Concepts Sample Problems Transparencies Standardized Test Prep

3. Chapter 13 Light and Reflection Table of Contents Section 1 Characteristics of Light Section 2 Flat Mirrors Section 3 Curved Mirrors Section 4 Color and Polarization

4. Section 1 Characteristics of Light Chapter 14 Objectives • Identifythe components of the electromagnetic spectrum. • Calculatethe frequency or wavelength of electromagnetic radiation. • Recognizethat light has a finite speed. • Describehow the brightness of a light source is affected by distance.

5. Section 1 Characteristics of Light Chapter 14 Electromagnetic Waves • Anelectromagnetic waveis a wave that consists of oscillating electric and magnetic fields, which radiate outward from the source at the speed of light. • Lightis a form (most common example) of electromagnetic radiation. • Theelectromagnetic spectrum includes more than visible light.

6. Section 1 Characteristics of Light Chapter 14 The Electromagnetic Spectrum

7. Section 1 Characteristics of Light Chapter 14 Electromagnetic Waves, continued • Electromagnetic waves vary depending on frequency and wavelength. • All electromagnetic waves move at the speed of light. The speed of light, c, equals c = 3.00  108 m/s (186,000 miles/sec; 671,000,000 MPH) • Wave Speed Equation (v = fl) c = fl speed of light = frequency  wavelength

8. Section 1 Characteristics of Light Chapter 14 Electromagnetic Waves

9. Section 1 Characteristics of Light Chapter 14 Electromagnetic Waves, continued • Waves can be approximated as rays. This approach to analyzing waves is calledHuygens’ principle. • Lines drawn tangent to the crest (or trough) of a wave are calledwave fronts. • In theray approximation, lines, calledrays, are drawn perpendicular to the wave front.

10. Section 1 Characteristics of Light Chapter 14 Electromagnetic Waves, continued • Illuminance decreases as the square of the distance from the source. • The rate at which light is emitted from a source is called theluminous fluxand is measured inlumens (lm).

11. Section 4 Color and Polarization Chapter 14 Objectives • Recognizehow additive colors affect the color of light. • Recognizehow pigments affect the color of reflected light. • Explainhow linearly polarized light is formed and detected.

12. Section 4 Color and Polarization Chapter 14 Color • Additive primary colorsproduce white light when combined. • Light of different colors can be produced by adding light consisting of theprimaryadditivecolors(red, green, and blue).

13. Section 4 Color and Polarization Chapter 14 Additive Color Mixing

14. Section 4 Color and Polarization Chapter 14 Color, continued • Subtractive primary colors filter out all light when combined. • Pigmentscan be produced by combining subtractive colors (magenta, yellow, and cyan).

15. Section 4 Color and Polarization Chapter 14 Subtractive Color Mixing

16. Section 4 Color and Polarization Chapter 14 Polarization of Light Waves • Linear polarizationis the alignment of electro-magnetic waves in such a way that the vibrations of the electric fields in each of the waves are parallel to each other. • Light can be linearly polarized through transmission. • The line along which light is polarized is called thetransmission axis of that substance.

17. Section 4 Color and Polarization Chapter 14 Linearly Polarized Light

18. Section 4 Color and Polarization Chapter 14 Aligned and Crossed Polarizing Filters Aligned Filters Crossed Filters

19. Section 4 Color and Polarization Chapter 14 Polarization of Light Waves • Light can be polarized by reflection and scattering. • At a particular angle, reflected light is polarized horizontally. • The sunlight scattered by air molecules is polarized for an observer on Earth’s surface.

20. Section 4 Color and Polarization Chapter 14 Polarization by Reflection and Scattering

21. Chapter 14 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. Which of the following statements is true about the speeds of gamma rays and radio waves in a vacuum? F. Gamma rays travel faster than radio waves. G. Radio rays travel faster than gamma rays. H. Gamma rays and radio waves travel at the same speed in a vacuum. J. The speed of gamma rays and radio waves in a vacuum depends on their frequencies.

22. Chapter 14 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. Which of the following statements is true about the speeds of gamma rays and radio waves in a vacuum? F. Gamma rays travel faster than radio waves. G. Radio rays travel faster than gamma rays. H. Gamma rays and radio waves travel at the same speed in a vacuum. J. The speed of gamma rays and radio waves in a vacuum depends on their frequencies.

23. Chapter 14 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 4. Which of the following processes does not linearly polarize light? F. scattering G. transmission H. refraction J. reflection

24. Chapter 14 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 4. Which of the following processes does not linearly polarize light? F. scattering G. transmission H. refraction J. reflection

25. Chapter 14 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 8. Which combination of primary additive colors will produce magenta-colored light? F. green and blue G. red and blue H. green and red J. cyan and yellow

26. Chapter 14 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 8. Which combination of primary additive colors will produce magenta-colored light? F. green and blue G. red and blue H. green and red J. cyan and yellow

27. Chapter 14 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 9. What is the frequency of an infrared wave that has a vacuum wavelength of 5.5 µm? A. 165 Hz B. 5.5  1010 Hz C. 5.5  1013 Hz D. 5.5  1016 Hz

28. Chapter 14 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 9. What is the frequency of an infrared wave that has a vacuum wavelength of 5.5 µm? A. 165 Hz B. 5.5  1010 Hz C. 5.5  1013 Hz D. 5.5  1016 Hz

29. Chapter 14 Standardized Test Prep Short Response 11. White light is passed through a filter that allows only yellow, green, and blue light to pass through it. This light is then shone on a piece of blue fabric and on a piece of red fabric. Which colors do the two pieces of fabric appear to have under this light?

30. Chapter 14 Standardized Test Prep Short Response, continued 11. White light is passed through a filter that allows only yellow, green, and blue light to pass through it. This light is then shone on a piece of blue fabric and on a piece of red fabric. Which colors do the two pieces of fabric appear to have under this light? Answer: The blue fabric appears blue. The red fabric appears black.

31. Chapter 14 Standardized Test Prep Short Response, continued 13. X rays emitted from material around compact massive stars, such as neutron stars or black holes, serve to help locate and identify such objects. What would be the wavelength of the X rays emitted from material around such an object if the X rays have a frequency of 5.0  1019 Hz?

32. Chapter 14 Standardized Test Prep Short Response, continued 13. X rays emitted from material around compact massive stars, such as neutron stars or black holes, serve to help locate and identify such objects. What would be the wavelength of the X rays emitted from material around such an object if the X rays have a frequency of 5.0  1019 Hz? Answer: 6.0  10–12 m = 6.0 pm

33. Chapter 14 Standardized Test Prep Extended Response 14. Explain how you can use a piece of polarizing plastic to determine if light is linearly polarized.

34. Chapter 14 Standardized Test Prep Extended Response, continued 14. Explain how you can use a piece of polarizing plastic to determine if light is linearly polarized. Answer: Polarized light will pass through the plastic when the transmission axis of the plastic is parallel with the light’s plane of polarization. Rotating the plastic 90º will prevent the polarized light from passing through the plastic, so the plastic appears dark. If light is not linearly polarized, rotating the plastic 90º will have no effect on the light’s intensity.