Chapter 1: Intro to Rhetoric

1. Chapter 1: Intro to Rhetoric Arrangements Pages 15-25

2. Arrangement Questions to Ask: “Does the essay have a particular arrangement?” “Is the essay arranged in the best possible way in order to achieve its purpose?” “Does it have a clear beginning, middle, and end: an introduction, developmental paragraphs, and conclusion?”

3. The Classical Model Five-part Structure for Oration/Speech (still used) The Introduction (exordium – Latin: beginning of web): introduces the reader to the subject under discussion Draws reader into the text by piquing their interest, challenging them, or otherwise getting their attention NOTE: Often this is where Ethos is established

4. The Classical Model Cont. The narration (narratio): provides factual information and background on the subject at hand, thus beginning the developmental paragraphs, or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing NOTE: Logos and/or Pathos are established

5. The Classical Model Cont. The confirmation (confirmatio): usually the major part of the text, includes the development or the proof needed to make the writer’s case – the nuts and bolts. The most specific and concrete detail in the text. NOTE: Strongest appeal to Logos

6. The Classical Model Cont. The refutation (refutatio): addresses the counterargument and is in many ways the bridge between the writer’s proof and conclusion. NOTE: Largely appeals to Logos

7. The Classical Model Cont. The conclusion (peroratio): brings the essay to a satisfying close. Reminds the reader of the ethos established in the beginning. Brings all the ideas together and answers the question, so what? NOTE: usually and appeal to Pathos

8. Not by Math Alone 2006 Former Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O’Conner and Los Angeles Superintendent, Roy Romer Follows classical model Page 14-16

9. Pattern of Development Another way to consider arrangement. Identify Purpose Depending on Author’s Purpose, the pattern of organization, or arrangement will differ. These Patterns can arrange an entire text or individual section or paragraphs of a text.

10. Narration Telling a story or recounting a past event Personal experience, or wisdom gained through reading and/or observation Chronology usually governs narration Concrete details A particular point of view Sometimes elements such as dialogue

11. Description Closely aligned with Narration because they both contain details Emphasizes the senses by painting a picture Often used to establish mood or atmosphere Rarely an entire essay Usually appeals to Pathos

12. Process Analysis Explains how something works, how to do something, or how something was done A “How to” speech or text (How to fix America) Key is clarity Clear transitions and steps

13. Exemplification Provides a series of examples, facts, specific case, or instances, helps turn a general idea into a concrete one Makes argument clearer and more persuasive “Let me give you an example.” Induction – logical proof Appeals to logos

14. Compare and Contrast Juxtaposing two ideas Highlights similarities and differences Comes down to nuances Usually one will also concede and refute

15. Classification and Division Sorts materials and ideas into categories What goes together and why Helps with making connections Some categories are well-known and ready-made. Others are self-made or created. “There are two types of people in this world,…”

16. Definition Many discussions depend of definition Before arguments can start, the ideas must be defined. What is success? What is happiness? What is patriotic? Usually the first step in an argument

17. Cause and Effect Analyzes the causes that led to an effect or vice-versa Being able to successfully place a cause on your opponent that led to an unsatisfactory effect is always effective Must consider other factors that might not line up with your idea

18. END

19. Just Kidding…Assignment In groups of two (roughly eight groups) Imagine you are a speech writer (mmhhmm) You are trying to pitch your “style” of speaking to someone (you make up who) Your job is to tell, nay sell, them why your “style” is effective at reaching an audience You and your partner have two minutes SELLLLL IIITTTTTT!!