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Chapter 5 Pathogenicity of B and Immunity against Bacterial Infections(Infection and Immunity)

Chapter 5 Pathogenicity of B and Immunity against Bacterial Infections(Infection and Immunity). §1. Normal Flora and opportunistic B (fig). 一 .Normal flora : 1.Biological antagonism 2.Nutritional function 3.Induction of immune response 4.Growth and aging. 二 .Opportunistic pathogens :

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Chapter 5 Pathogenicity of B and Immunity against Bacterial Infections(Infection and Immunity)

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  1. Chapter 5 Pathogenicity of B and Immunity against Bacterial Infections(Infection and Immunity)

  2. §1. Normal Flora and opportunistic B (fig) • 一.Normal flora : • 1.Biological antagonism • 2.Nutritional function • 3.Induction of immune response • 4.Growth and aging

  3. 二.Opportunistic pathogens : • 1.Change of normal habit • 2.Endogenous infection • 3.Dysbacteriosis • 三.Hospital acquired infection • (nosocomial infection) • 1.Cross- infection : patients,doctors • 2.Endogenous ~ : from patient himself • 3.Iatrogenic ~ : (instrument)

  4. §2 Mechanisms of Bacterial pathogenicityvirulence : LD50 , ID50 • 一.Bacterial virulence : • (一)Invasiveness : • 1. B surface structure • (1)Adhesive factors: pili and lipoteichoic acid(LTA) • (2)Capsule and microcapsule: M－pro , Vi－Ag . K－Ag. • 2. Invasive enzyme • coagulase , SK , SD ,spreading factor.

  5. (二) Toxin • 1.Exotoxins: • (1)G+ produce . • (2)Protein in nature • (3)Specific (disease) • (4)Lethal • (5)Neuro ~ , Cyto ~ , Entero ~ • (6)A : toxic • B : non-toxic , binding to cells . • 0.3~0.4 %formaldehyde • (7) Exotoxin ----------------------- toxoid ----------- immunize animal Antitoxin

  6. 2.Endotoxins • G－, LPS , heat stable . • (1)Fever(pyrogens) • (2)Leukocyte response • (3)Hypotension and shock • (4)DIC • (5)Shwartzman’s phenomenon • (6)etc • a.active B , T , MΦ. • b.induce TNF , IFN ,CSF ,IL-6 • Endotoxin detect : • Limulus test .

  7. 表6-4 外毒素与内毒素的主要区别 区别要点 外 毒 素 内 毒 素 来源 革兰阳性菌与部分革兰阴性菌 革兰阴性菌 存在部分 从活菌分泌出,少数菌崩解后释出 细胞壁组分,菌裂解后释出 化学成分 蛋白质 脂多糖 稳定性 60～80℃,30min被破坏 160℃,2～4h才被破坏 毒性作用 强,对组织器官有选择性毒害效应, 较弱,各菌的毒性效应大致 引起特殊临床表现 相同,引起发热、白细胞增 多、微循环障碍、休克、 DIC等 抗原性 强,刺激机体产生抗毒素;甲醛液处 弱,刺激机体产生的中和抗 理脱毒形成类毒素 体作用弱;甲醛液处理不 形成类毒素

  8. 二.Number of Invading B • 三.Portal of Entry

  9. §3. Host Immunity against Bacterial Infections • 一.Non-specific Immunity • (一)Barrier Structure • 1.Skin and mucous membrane • (1)mechanical factors • (2)chemical factors • (3)biological factors • 2.Blood-Brain-Barrier • 3.Placental Barrier

  10. (二)Phagocyte • 1. Process and Mechanisms of Phagocytosis • (1)Chemotaxis and adherence • (2)Ingestion • (3)Intracellular killing • a. Oxygen-dependent system • MPO • Non-MPO • b. oxygen-independent system • 2. Fate of B after phagocytosis • (1)complete~ • (2)incomplete~: TB

  11. (三)Anti-bacterial • Substances in serum and body fluids • 1.Complement • 2.β-lysin • 3.Lysozyme

  12. 二.Specific Immunity • Humoral ~ • Cellular ~ • 三.Immunity to extracellular bacterial infections • 四.Immunity to intracellular bacterial infections(cellular immunity) • 五.Immunity to exotoxins（Anti-toxins）

  13. §4. Occuring and Developing of Infections • 一.Origins of infections • (一)Exogenous infection • 1.Patients • 2.Carriers • 3.Animals : suffering from disease • (Carrying B) • (二)Endogenous infection

  14. 二.Ways of infection transmission • 1.Respiratory tract • 2.Gastrointestinal tract • 3.Wound / injury • 4.Contact • 5.Bites by insects • 6.Multiple ways

  15. (一)No-infection • (二)Inapparent infection • (三)Latent infection • (四)Apparent • 1.Acute infection • 2.Chronic infection • Infection Sites • 1.Local infection • 2.Systemic infection

  16. (1)toxemia • (2)bacteremia • (3)septicemia • (4)pyemia • (5)endotoxemia • (五) Carrier • 四.Influence of Environment on Infection • (一)Natural environment • (二)Social environment

  17. Chapter 6 • Principles of Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment for Bacterial Infections

  18. §1. Diagnosis of B • 一.Specimens • 1.diseases and sites; • 2.aseptic • 3.before using antibiotics • 4.from obvious diseased sites • 5.fresh , quickly send to lab • 6.cold • 7.labeled

  19. 二.Procedures of Diagnosis • (一)Microscopy & stains • (二)Culture • (三)Biochemical reaction • (四)Serology • (五)Animal test • (六)Drug sensitivity • (七)etc • 1.HPLC • 2.PCR • 3.Phage • 4.Bacteriocin • 5.Plasmid fingerprinting

  20. (一)Dead Vaccines (二)Live Attenuated Vaccines (三)Toxoid (四)Polysaccharide (五)Autovaccine

  21. §4. Artificial Passive Immunization • (一)Anti-toxin • (二)Anti-Bacterial Serum • (三)Placental globulin , γ ~ • (四)Preparations for CI: TF,iRNA,IFN,IL,CTL,LAK,etc.

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