THE RESEARCH PROCESS

1. THE RESEARCH PROCESS

2. PHASES OF NURSING RESEARCH • CONCEPTUAL PHASE • THE DESIGN AND PLANNING PHASE • THE EMPIRICAL PHASE • THE ANALYTIC PHASE • THE DISSEMINATION PHASE

3. CONCEPTUAL PHASE • FORMULATING AND DELIMITING THE PROBLEM • Topic • Research Problem • Problem statement – articulates the problem to be addressed and indicates the need for a study • Research Questions – are the specific queries researchers want to answer in addressing the research problem • Research Hypothesis – predictions that are tested empirically • Null hypothesis • Research or alternative hypothesis

5. CONCEPTUAL PHASE • FORMULATING AND DELIMITING THE PROBLEM • Evaluating research problems • Significance of the problem – research problem should have the potential of contributing meaningfully to the nursing knowledge • Researchability of the Problem • Time and timing • Availability of study participants • Facilities and equipments • Money • Experience and interest of the researcher

6. CONCEPTUAL PHASE 2. REVIEWING THE LITERATURE • Done to familiarize researchers with the knowledge base • PURPOSES: • Orient of what is known and not known regarding the topic • Replication of study • Identifications of relevant theoretical and conceptual framework • Assistance in interpreting study findings and developing implications and recommendations

7. SOURCES OF LITERATURE • PRIMARY SOURCES • Research reports/studies • SECONDARY SOURCES • Books • Literature review summaries

8. THE DESIGN AND PLANNING PHASE • Selecting a research design • Identifying the population to be studied • Sampling plan • Methods to measure research variables • Finalizing the research study

9. RESEARCH DESIGN Based on: • Time Frame • Control over independent variable • Measurement of independent and dependent variables

10. TIME FRAME

11. TIME FRAME

12. CONTROL OVER INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

13. Is there an intervention? No Yes NONEXPERIMENTAL Is there randomization? No Yes QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL EXPERIMENTAL

14. MEASUREMENT OF INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES

15. MEASUREMENT OF INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES

16. IDENTIFYING THE POPULATION TO BE STUDIED • POPULATION – aggregate or totality of those conforming to a set of specifications. • Nurses • Students • Children • Etc.

17. DESIGNING THE SAMPLING PLAN • SAMPLE – subset of a population • Sampling techniques: • Probability sampling • Systematic sampling • Fish bowl method • Nonprobability sampling • Purposive/Judgmental sampling • Snow ball technique • Convenience/accidental sampling

18. METHODS TO MEASURE RESEARCH VARIABLES • Different methods of data collection • Biophysiologic measurements • Self-reports • Observation • Use of a research instrument • Questionnaires • Survey forms

19. FINALIZING THE RESEARCH PLAN • Pretesting of questionnaires • Conducting a Pilot study

20. EMPIRICAL PHASE • DATA COLLECTION • DATA ENCODING

21. THE ANALYTIC PHASE • DATA ANALYSIS • Statistical analysis • DATA INTERPRETATION – is the process of making sense of the results and examining their implications • CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

22. DISSEMINATION PHASE • RESEARCH REPORT • Research Abstract • Research published in journals • Term papers, theses, dissertations • UTILIZATION OF FINDINGS • Application to nursing practice and nursing education