Lab NSX. DO NATIONS WITH CULTURAL NORMS THAT LEGITIMIZE VIOLENCE HAVE MORE RAPES?

1. Lab NSX. DO NATIONS WITH CULTURAL NORMS THAT LEGITIMIZE VIOLENCE HAVE MORE RAPES? The Research Questions • What are the low and high nations and where does the US rank in respect to A. Percent who physically force sex? B. Score on scale measuring cultural norms tolerating sexual coercion? C. Score on scale to measure cultural norms encourage male violence against other men? • Do nations which are high in these two aspects of cultural norms have a higher rate of men forcing sex? Note • Only data for male students is analyzed because the rate of physically forced sex by women is too low for a statistically dependable analysis • There will be no data tabulation. I will give you the charts showing the results for you to interpret and write a lab report

2. THE THEORY Norms tolerating sexual aggression Forced sex Norms approving male-to-male violence Note: Social norms approving violence have many causes, for example (as you found in a previous lab project) violent child rearing, including corporal punishment. This lab is focused on the effects of social norms, not their causes.

3. VIOLENCE APPROVAL SCALES OF THE PERSONAL AND RELATIONSHIPS PROFILE (USING DATA PROVIDED BY MALE STUDENTS) Tolerance ForSexual Aggression VA01. A woman who has been raped probably asked for it VA11. If a wife refuses to have sex, there are times when it may be okay to make her do it VA134. Once sex gets past a certain point, a man can’t stop himself until he is satisfied Encouragement OfMale-to-Male Violence VA03. When a boy is growing up, it’s important for him to have a few fist fights VA05. A man should not walk away from a physical fight with another man VA14. A boy who is hit by another boy should hit back Response categories: 1 = Strongly Disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 Agree, 4 = Strongly Agree Score is the average (mean) number of questions answered Agree or Strongly Agree in each nation

4. INDIVIDUAL ATTITUDES AND CULTURAL NORMS * ATTITUDES A psychological or social psychological construct * CULTURAL NORMS A sociological/anthropological concept Two sides of a coinThe average or typical attitude is one way of determining what the norms are If most people in a society or sector of society believe that: 1. Spanking children is sometimes necessary 2. Marrying someone of a different race or religion should be avoided 3. Believe there are circumstances when they would approve a husband slapping a wife This is evidence that the cultural norms 1. Approve of corporal punishment 2. Disapprove of interracial marriage 3. Approve or permit hitting a partner

5. SEXUAL COERCION SCALE OF THE CONFLICT TACTICS SCALES Insist Made my partner have sex without a condom Insisted on sex when my partner did not want to (but did not use physical force) Insisted my partner have oral or anal sex (but did not use physical force) Threaten Used threats to make my partner have oral or anal sex Used threats to make my partner have sex Physically Forced by Male Partner (As reported by Women) Used force (like hitting, holding down, or using a weapon) to make me have sex Used force (like hitting, holding down, or using a weapon) to make me have oral or anal sex Prevalence Score: percent in each nation nwho had done one or more in the previous 12 months Used for this lab

6. ANALYSIS TO TEST THE HYPOTHESES* SPSS statistical program used to correlate cultural norms measures with forced sex measure and to graph the results * These results will be shown after you write your hypotheses, the sample, and the independent and dependent variables HYPOTHESESWrite two hypotheses about links to physically forced sex: one for the relation of each the two aspects of cultural norms SAMPLE University students in 32 nations INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES Explain how each was measured, and give an example of one of the questions for each measure

7. NATIONS IN THE INTERNATIONAL DATING VIOLENCE STUDY KOR South Korea LTU Lithuania MEX Mexico MLT Malta NLD Netherlands NZL New Zealand PRT Portugal ROU Romania RUS Russia SGP Singapore SWE Sweden TWN Taiwan TZA Tanzania USA United States VEN Venezuela ZAF South Africa AUS Australia BEL Belgium BRA Brazil CAN Canada CHE Switzerland CHN China DEU Germany GBR Great Britain GRC Greece GTM Guatemala HKG Hong Kong HUN Hungary IND India IRN Iran ISR Israel JPN Japan

8. Forced Sex– Mean = 2% Tolerate Sexual Aggression – Mean = 0.67 Corr = .34* By men TOLERANCE OF

9. Corr = .44 * Forced Sex – Mean = 2% Approve Male Violence – Mean = 1.1 By men

10. THE MORE APPROVAL OF MALE-TO-MALE VIOLENCE, THE MORE TOLERANCE FOR SEXUAL COERCION

11. RESULTS (number and letter them) • For each of the following identify the two nations with the lowest and the highest scores, and say about where the US ranks A. Forced sex B. Cultural norms tolerating sexual coercion C. Cultural norms encouraging male violence 2. What do the results show about the relation to forced sex of A. Norms tolerating sexual coercion B. Norm encouraging male violence 3. A. Which of these two aspects of cultural norms has the strongest relation to forced sex? B. What did you base this on? DISCUSSION • What does result 2B suggest about the causes of rape that are in addition to those suggested by result 2A? • What does result 2B suggest about the how to prevent rape that is in addition to those suggested by result 2A?

12. An example of the relation of cultural norms to family violence • The more a society legitimizes one type of violence, the greater the probability of other (and not legitimate) types of violence. • A specific example of how societies are social systems – each part tends to affect the other parts • Another example of multiple causes of violence against women • USA is in the low third of tolerance of sexual coercion, and in middle of the distribution on approval of male-to-male violence • One of the steps to reduce violence against women is to reduce violence between men WHAT HAS BEEN LEARNED FROM THIS LAB?