Climate Change Impacts & Adaptation in Zanzibar

1. CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS AND STATUS OF IMPLEMENTATION IN ZANZIBAR BY SHEHA MJAJA JUMA – FVPO15 AUGUST, 2015 Climate change Impacts and Initiatives in Zanzibar NASSIR TAHIR ALI

2. Introduction • Zanzibar is one of the two countries that form the United Republic of Tanzania • Land area: 2,654km sq. (Unguja 1,666km sq.; Pemba 988km sq). • Population Census 2012: 1,303,569 people • Official language: Swahili • Major Economy: Agriculture and Tourism • Major Export goods: Cloves, Seaweed, spices.

3. Introduction........ cont • Zanzibar’s economy is very dependent on the climate and a large proportion of GDP, employment and livelihoods are associated with climate sensitive activities (coastal, agriculture and tourism). • The climate of Zanzibar is changing, and recent decades have seen rising temperatures, increased rainfall variability, higher wind speeds and high-tide levels, and an increase in extreme events (climate variability).

4. IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN ZANZIBAR

5. Agriculture • The agriculture is among the basis of Zanzibar’s economy, as well as having a key role in sustaining livelihoods on the islands. • The majority of the farmers in Zanzibar depend largely on rain fed agriculture which employs about 75% of the population • The onset of the rain season is unpredictable and thus farmers are uncertain when to plant. • Recent climate variability, notably the poor and erratic rains in significantly reduced agricultural production.

6. Cont…. • Furthermore, some of the agricultural lands have been invaded by saltwater intrusion and make difficulties for the community to continue farming on that land. • About 145 areas in Zanzibar have been affected by saltwater inundation in both Unguja and Pemba: • Unguja: 25 • Pemba: 120

7. Impact of climate change at Msuka, Pemba

8. Kendwa- Pemba

9. Kengeja- Pemba

12. Fisheries – bleaching of coral reefs/ seaweed • These reefs have important roles in coastal protection, fisheries, as well as being important tourist sites, i.e. they provide important ecosystem services and have significant economic value. • Corals are vulnerable to sea temperature variations, most obviously seen through coral bleaching. • Rising sea temperatures damaging seaweed farms which lead to decreasing of harvests and putting farmers out of work • Zanzibar’s seaweed production has fallen sharply in recent years, from 14,040 tonnes five years ago to just under 10,800 tonnes

15. Water resources • The principal source of water supply in Zanzibar is groundwater which can be found in different aquifers e.g. springs, boreholes, caves and wells. • Usually, the groundwater depends on percolation of water from precipitation, which flows to the ground-water system. • Hence, shifting, lowering and unpredictable rainfall has a great impacts on the groundwater percolated to our aquifer and hence affect production of water supply in Zanzibar.

16. Cont….. • Saltwater intrusion has been also observed in some of wells in different places of Zanzibar, which was facilitated by sea level rises and extended draught. • In generally, there is a significant declining of amount of water in all main sources of water supply in Zanzibar (springs, boreholes and caves) due to the impacts of climate change.

18. Loss of settlements and properties • Increased of beach erosion has been witnessed in many places of coastal villages of Zanzibar resulting in collapsing of the buildings and trees. • On the other hand, graveyards have been affected by sea level rises and beach erosion at Kisiwa Panza.

20. Affected graveyards at Kisiwa Panza

21. Floods

22. CLIMATE CHANGE INITIATIVES IN ZANZIBAR • Climate Change Governance implementing entity for coordination of all climate change issues in Zanzibar – Ministry of LWEM • Development of Zanzibar Climate Change Strategy (ZCCS), 2014 which gives a response framework for addressing vulnerability, impacts, and adaptation, for both current climate variability and future climate change • Construction of 340m sea wall was constructed to protect Stone Town World heritage site. • Construction of 19 km Storm water drainage in Zanzibar Urban Municipality to minimize flooding in the urban area

24. Developing Local Adaptation Plan of Action (LAPA) The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar in collaboration with DFID and IIED manage to develop 3 local adaptation plans (LAPAs) for at district level. These districts are: Micheweni (in Pemba) and North A and South (in Unguja) 24

25. Developing Local Adaptation Plan of Action (LAPA) ………. CC adaptation initiatives have been identified and incorporated in each respective LAPA Currently the government is in position of preparing business plan for resource mobilization 25

26. Project on Developing Core Capacity to Address Adaptation to Climate Change in Coastal Zones (LDCF) - Zanzibar

27. Project overview • Timeframe: 2012 – 2017 • The executing entity/organisation for the projects is the Ministry of Land, Water, Energy and Environment under the Department of Environment • Funded by The Global Environmental Environment Facility (GEF) through Least Developed Countries Fund – LDCF • Fund allocated for this project : US$ 3,356,300 • Key Issues: -Coastal/beach errosion -Low community awareness on climate change issues

28. Project Objectives • This project aimed at reduce the vulnerability of local communities and consequences associated with climate change impacts in selected pilot areas Project Outcomes This objective will be achieved through three main outcomes. • Local level capacities and knowledge to effectively analyse the threats and potential impacts of climate change increased; • Public engagement in climate change adaptation activities is enhanced • Vulnerability to climate change is reduced in the coastal zones by means of adaptation interventions

29. Project activities • District level training on sectoral, livelihoods and planning, climate and economic vulnerability • Strengthening of non-governmental organisation (NGO) and community-based organisation (CBO) network on climate change • Restore mangroves using locally available resilient tree species • Construction of infrastructure (sea wall) to protect coastal assets. • Capacity building and educating coastal communities to adapt climate change impacts

30. Project Sites in Zanzibar Six sites (2 in Unguja and 4 in Pemba) have been identified to pilot mangrove planting exercise in Zanzibar, In addition two sites will be involved in seawall construction. In Unguja Island: • Kisakasaka where a total of (7 ha) • Kilimani area where (1.4) In Pemba Island: The four sites in Pemba are as follows: Ukele area where a total of (7 ha)

31. Tovuni area where (1 ha) • Tumbe area where 10 ha mangroves and 0.4 ha coastal vegetation. • Kisiwa Panza area where: 200 ha of mangrove and , 7 ha of coastal vegetation

32. What has been done so far? • Communication with District Authorities to identified and select NGO/CBOs that will be involved in the mangrove planting exercise • Communication with other institutions to identify any other plans of interventions in each of the project sites. (e.g Port Authority where new harbour, Quality Group Investment • Conduct meetings with the selected NGOs/CBOs in both Unguja and Pemba, discuss plan and modalities to implement the mangrove planting exercise • Conducting an overview survey for demarcating the entire working sites

33. The 75m sea wall in Kisiwa Panza in Pemba Island has been already constructed • The construction work for 6 groyne wall (each six meter) along the 200m beach span at Kilimani in Unguja is still in the process.

37. Some challenges • Demand for matured mangrove seedlings is widely spread in Zanzibar as many of the communities have shown interests in exercising mangrove replanting.. • Heavy rainfall affected mangrove seedlings

38. Thank you very muchAhsante sana