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CHAPTER 10: AMERICA CLAIMS AN EMPIRE

CHAPTER 10: AMERICA CLAIMS AN EMPIRE. CHAPTER 10.1: IMPERIALISM & AMERICA CHAPTER 10.2: THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR CHAPTER 10.3: ACQUIRING NEW LANDS CHAPTER 10.4: AMERICA AS A WORLD POWER. CHAPTER 10.1: IMPERIALISM & AMERICA.

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CHAPTER 10: AMERICA CLAIMS AN EMPIRE

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  1. CHAPTER 10: AMERICA CLAIMS AN EMPIRE • CHAPTER 10.1: IMPERIALISM & AMERICA • CHAPTER 10.2: THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR • CHAPTER 10.3: ACQUIRING NEW LANDS • CHAPTER 10.4: AMERICA AS A WORLD POWER

  2. CHAPTER 10.1: IMPERIALISM & AMERICA • THIS SECTION IS ABOUT HOW BEGINNING IN 1867 GLOBAL COMPETITION CAUSED THE U.S. TO EXPAND.

  3. AMERICAN EXPANSIONISM • AMERICA FOLLOWS EUROPEAN POWERS’ POLICY OF IMPERIALISM • STRONGER NATIONS EXTEND CONTROL OVER WEAKER TERRITORIES • EUROPEANS CONTROLLED AFRICA & WERE MOVING ON ASIA

  4. AMERICAN EXPANSIONISM CONT. • 3 FACTORS FUELING IMPERIALISM • MILITARY STRENGTH • ADMIRAL MAHAN-U.S. MUST BUILD-UP NAVY TO COMPETE WITH WORLD POWERS, BECAME 3RD LARGEST • NEW MARKETS • U.S. PRODUCED MORE FOOD & GOODS THAN NEEDED HERE, BUT NEEDED MARKETS TO SELL GOODS & MORE RAW MATERIALS • BELIEF IN CULTURAL SUPERIORITY • MANY IN U.S. BELIEVED IT WAS AMERICANS’ JOB TO SPREAD CIVILIZATION & CHRISTIANITY

  5. THE U.S. ACQUIRES ALASKA • 1867 SEC. OF STATE W. SEWARD BUYS ALASKA FOR $7.2 MILLION FROM RUSSIANS • DOUBTERS CALLED IT “SEWARD’S FOLLY” OR “SEWARD’S ICE BOX” • .02 CENTS AN ACRE • NEW SOURCE OF TIMBER, MINERALS & OIL • 1959 ALASKA BECOMES 49TH STATE

  6. THE U.S. TAKES HAWAII • 1867 U.S. TAKES MIDWAY ISLANDS IN PACIFIC OCEAN • HAWAII HELD STRATEGIC PACIFIC CROSSING LOCATION • AMERICANS OWNED SUGAR PLANTATIONS ON ISLANDS • 1887 U.S. BUILT NAVAL BASE AT PEARL HARBOR • G. CLEVELAND RECOGNIZED REPUBLIC OF HAWAII • W. McKINLEY FAVORED ANNEXATION OF HAWAII • U.S. SENDS MARINES TO OVERTHROW QUEEN , CONGRESS PROCLAIMS HAWAII A TERRITORY TO PROTECT WEALTHY AMERICAN SUGAR OWNERS • BECAME 50TH STATE IN 1959

  7. CHAPTER 10.2: THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR • THIS SECTION IS ABOUT HOW IN 1898 THE U.S. WENT TO WAR WITH SPAIN TO HELP CUBA GAIN INDEPENDENCE.

  8. CUBANS REBEL AGAINST SPAIN • CUBA ONLY 90 MILES FROM SOUTH FLORIDA • U.S. HAD HEAVY INVESTMENTS IN CUBAN SUGAR CANE PLANTATIONS • 1895 CUBA’S SECOND REVOLUTION • EXILES LED BY JOSE MARTI REVOLTED • ATTACKED AMERICAN OWNED PROPERTY • WANTED TO PROVOKE U.S. TO HELP

  9. WAR FEVER ERUPTS • AMERICANS DIVIDED • SUPPORT SPAIN FOR ECONOMIC GAIN • SUPPORT CUBANS FOR FREEDOM & INDEPENDENCE, “CUBA LIBRE!” • YELLOW JOURNALISM BEGINS • HEARST & PULITZER PRINT EXAGGERATED ACCOUNTS OF CUBAN REVOLT TO SELL PAPERS • HEARST TELLS ARTIST F. REMINGTON “YOU FURNISH THE PICTURES & I’LL FURNISH THE WAR.”

  10. WAR FEVER ERUPTS • DE LOME LETTER • SPANISH MINISTER’S LETTER STOLEN BY A CUBAN REBEL • CRITICIZED PRES. MCKINLEY, CALLED HIM WEAK • ATTACK ON U.S. PRESIDENT ANGERED AMERICANS

  11. WAR FEVER ERUPTS • THE U.S.S. MAINE • 2/15/1898 EXPLODES IN HAVANA HARBOR • 268 U.S. SAILORS KILLED • SPAIN BLAMED FOR THE ATTACK • “REMEMBER THE MAINE, TO HELL WITH SPAIN”

  12. WAR WITH SPAIN ERUPTS • 4/20/1898 U.S. DECLARES WAR ON SPAIN • “REMEMBER THE MAINE” BECOMES WAR SLOGAN • U.S. LAUNCHES SURPRISE ATTACK ON SPANISH CONTROLLED PHILIPPINES • COMMODORE DEWEY DESTROYS SPANISH FLEET IN HOURS • BY AUGUST U.S. & FILIPINO REBELS DEFEAT SPAIN

  13. WAR WITH SPAIN ERUPTS • JUNE 1898 U.S. TROOPS LAND IN CUBA • 17,000 AMERICANS • TR & ROUGH RIDERS • U.S. WINS BATTLES OF SAN JUAN HILL & KETTLE HILL, TR DECLARED A NATIONAL HERO • JULY 25, 1898 U.S. INVADES PUERTO RICO

  14. WAR WITH SPAIN ERUPTS • TREATY OF PARIS 8/12/1898 • ENDS WAR WITH SPAIN • SEC. OF STATE JOHN HAY SAYS “A SPLENDID LITTLE WAR” • SPAIN FREES CUBA • U.S. GOT GUAM, PUERTO RICO & BOUGHT PHILIPPINES FOR $20 MILLION

  15. WAR WITH SPAIN ERUPTS • DEBATE OVER U.S. IMPERIALISM • PRES. MCKINLEY FOR IMPERIALISM • B.T. WASHINGTON, ANDREW CARNEGIE & SAM GOMPERS AGAINST IMPERIALISM • POLITICAL, ECONOMIC & MORAL REASONS AGAINST THE TAKING OF COUNTRIES

  16. CHAPTER 10.3: ACQUIRING NEW LANDS • THIS SECTION IS ABOUT HOW, IN THE EARLY 1900s, THE U.S. ENGAGED IN CONFLICTS IN PUERTO RICO, CUBA & THE PHILIPPINES.

  17. RULING PUERTO RICO • U.S. OCCUPIES PR DURING WAR WITH SPAIN • PR UNDER U.S. MILITARY CONTROL • STRATEGICALLY IMPORTANT FOR U.S. PRESENCE IN CARIBBEAN • 1900 FORAKER ACT • ENDED MILITARY RULE, SET-UP CIVILIAN GOV’T • U.S. PRES. APPOINTS PR GOVERNOR • 1917 PRs GRANTED U.S. CITIZENSHIP • PR IS A U.S. TERRITORY AND HAS REFUSED STATEHOOD SEVERAL TIMES

  18. CUBA & THE U.S. • U.S. TROOPS OCCUPY CUBA AT END OF SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR • U.S. MILITARY PROVIDES AID TO CUBA • 1900 CUBA WRITES ITS’ OWN CONSTITUTION • 1901 U.S. FORCES CUBA TO ADD PLATT AMENDMENT, MADE CUBA A U.S. PROTECTORATE • U.S. WOULD CONTROL SOME ASPECTS OF CUBAN GOV’T • U.S. COULD BUY/LEASE LAND FOR NAVAL BASE (GUANTANOMO BAY) • U.S. WANTED TO PROTECT BUSINESS INTERESTS IN CUBA, CARNEGIE WAS AGAINST COLONIZING NATIONS

  19. FILIPINOS REBEL • FILIPINOS OUTRAGED OVER U.S. ANNEXATION (TAKE OVER) • THE PHILIPPINES WERE A STRATEGIC GATEWAY TO ASIAN COUNTRIES INCLUDING CHINA • AGUINALDO (FILIPINO REBEL) VOWS TO FIGHT AMERICA FOR INDEPENDENCE

  20. FILIPINOS REBEL • 2/1899 PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR BEGINS • FILIPINOS USE GUERRILLA TACTICS • U.S. CRACKS DOWN ON CIVILIANS • 3 YEAR WAR-COST $400 MILLION • 20,000 FILIPINOS KILLED • 4,000 AMERICANS KILLED • U.S. WINS, SETS-UP NEW GOV’T • PHILIPPINES BECOMES INDEPENDENT 7/4/1946

  21. FOREIGN INFLUENCE IN CHINA • EUROPEAN POWERS ALREADY IN CHINA; FRANCE, GERMANY & BRITAIN, JAPAN ALSO MOVING INTO CHINA • U.S. OPEN DOOR POLICY • SEC. STATE JOHN HAY FEARED CHINA WAS BEING CARVED INTO COLONIES • WRITES LETTERS TO FOREIGN POWERS “OPEN DOOR NOTES” • ASKED IF OTHER POWERS WOULD SHARE TRADING RIGHTS WITH U.S. • NO NATION WOULD HAVE MONOPOLY IN CHINA

  22. FOREIGN INFLUENCE IN CHINA • 3 BELIEFS OF OPEN DOOR POLICY & AMERICA’S INDUSTRIAL CAPITALIST ECONOMY: • U.S. ECONOMIC GROWTH DEPENDED ON EXPORTS • U.S. HAD THE RIGHT TO INTERVENE OVERSEAS TO PROTECT MARKETS • CLOSING ANY AREA OF THE WORLD TO AMERICA THREATENED OUR SURVIVAL

  23. FOREIGN INFLUENCE IN CHINA • THE BOXER REBELLION • BOXERS-(MARTIAL ARTS SOCIETY) VOWED TO RID CHINA OF “FOREIGN DEVILS” • 1900 REBELLION BEGINS • IN 2 MONTHS BOXERS KILL HUNDREDS OF FOREIGNERS & MISSIONARIES • TROOPS FROM BRITAIN, FRANCE, GERMANY, JAPAN & U.S. PUT DOWN REBELLION

  24. THE IMPACT OF U.S. TERRITORIAL GAINS • 1900 MCKINLEY WINS REELECTION SUPPORTING IMPERIALISM • MOST AMERICANS SUPPORTED U.S. IMPERIALISM • ANTI-IMPERIALISTS BELIEVED U.S. SHOULD NOT RULE OTHER PEOPLE WITHOUT THEIR CONSENT • W.J. BRYAN, GROVER CLEVELAND, ANDREW CARNEGIE, JANE ADDAMS & MARK TWAIN

  25. CHAPTER 10.4: AMERICA AS A WORLD POWER • THIS SECTION IS ABOUT HOW AMERICAN INVOLVEMENT IN THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR, THE BUILDING OF THE PANAMA CANAL & INTERVENTION INTO CENTRAL & LATIN AMERICA ADDED TO AMERICA’S POWER.

  26. T. ROOSEVELT & THE WORLD • TR BECOMES PRES. IN 1901 • RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR 1904 • JAPAN & RUSSIA FIGHTING OVER KOREA • JAPAN SECRETLY ASKS TR TO MEDIATE PEACE TALKS • TR WINS NOBEL PEACE PRIZE FOR ENDING WAR

  27. T. ROOSEVELT & THE WORLD • TR BELIEVED U.S. NEEDED A CANAL ACROSS CENTRAL AMERICA • 1903 U.S. BUYS CANAL RIGHTS FROM FRENCH CO. • U.S. HELPS PANAMA GAIN INDEPENDENCE FROM COLOMBIA • U.S. & PANAMA SIGN TREATY TO SELL/RENT LAND AS PART OF “CANAL ZONE”

  28. T. ROOSEVELT & THE WORLD • THE PANAMA CANAL • 1904 CONSTRUCTION BEGINS • 1914 CANAL OPENS • OVER 43,000 WORKERS • 5,600 DIED DURING CONSTRUCTION • $380 MILLION TO BUILD • FASTER TRAVEL BETWEEN ATLANTIC & PACIFIC OCEANS • 51 MILES LONG, USES LOCKS FOR DIFFERING OCEAN LEVELS

  29. T. ROOSEVELT & THE WORLD • TR WANTS U.S. TO BE DOMINANT FOREIGN INFLUENCE IN CARIBBEAN & CENTRAL AMERICA • 1823 MONROE DOCTRINE, PRES. MONROE WARNS EUROPEAN POWERS TO STAY OUT OF LATIN AMERICA • TR’S POLICY “SPEAK SOFTLY & CARRY A BIG STICK” • 1904 ROOSEVELT COROLLARY-U.S. WOULD USE FORCE TO PROTECT INTERESTS IN LATIN AMERICA & WESTERN HEMISPHERE • TAFT CONTINUED WITH “DOLLAR DIPLOMACY” USE GOV’T LOANS & BANKS TO SUPPORT STRUGGLING NATIONS

  30. WOODROW WILSON’S MISSIONARY DIPLOMACY • WILSON’S MISSIONARY DIPLOMACY ADDED MORAL TONE TO MONROE DOCTRINE • U.S. HAD MORAL RESPONSIBILITY TO NOT RECOGNIZE OPPRESSIVE, UNDEMOCRATIC OR HOSTILE LATIN AMERICAN GOVERNMENTS • WILSON PRESSURED WESTERN GOV’Ts TO BECOME DEMOCRACIES OR LOSE U.S. SUPPORT

  31. WOODROW WILSON’S MISSIONARY DIPLOMACY • MEXICAN REVOLUTION 1911 • U.S. BACKED MILITARY LEADER WHO WAS OVERTHROWN BY PEASANTS & WORKERS • 1913 GENERAL HUERTA SEIZES GOV’T, WILSON REFUSES TO RECOGNIZE “A GOV’T OF BUTCHERS” • 1914 U.S. INTERVENES IN MEXICO AFTER ARREST OF U.S. SAILORS • MARINES ORDERED TO VERACRUZ • 18 AMERICANS KILLED IN INVASION • U.S. & MEXICO NEARLY GO TO WAR

  32. WOODROW WILSON’S MISSIONARY DIPLOMACY • REBELLION IN MEXICO • REBEL LEADERS PANCHO VILLA (ROBIN HOOD FIGURE)& EMILIANO ZAPATA OPPOSE NEW AMERICAN BACKED GOV’T • VILLA THREATENS TO ATTACK U.S. FOR SUPPORTING NEW GOV’T • VILLA’S MEN KILL OVER 20 AMERICANS WORKING IN MEXICO

  33. WOODROW WILSON’S MISSIONARY DIPLOMACY • THE HUNT FOR VILLA • WILSON ORDERS JOHN J. PERSHING & 15,000 TROOPS TO MEXICO TO CAPTURE VILLA “DEAD OR ALIVE” • 1916 MEXICAN MILITARY ORDERED TO ATTACK U.S. ARMY IN MEXICO • 1917 WILSON ORDERS PERSHING BACK TO U.S. AFTER 1 YEAR, U.S. INVOLVEMENT IN WWI SET TO BEGIN • VILLA LATER ASSASSINATED IN 1923

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