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CHAPTER 6

CHAPTER 6. THE DUEL FOR NORTH AMERICA. France Finds a Foothold in Canada. France came late to American colonization Edict of Nantes Louis XIV: 1643-1715 Samuel de Champlain Iroquois hate them France ruled New France autocratically . Father of New France. p106. French holdings: 1700.

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CHAPTER 6

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  1. CHAPTER 6 THE DUEL FOR NORTH AMERICA

  2. France Finds a Foothold in Canada • France came late to American colonization • Edict of Nantes • Louis XIV: 1643-1715 • Samuel de Champlain • Iroquois hate them • France ruled New France autocratically Father of New France p106 French holdings: 1700

  3. New France Fans Out • Population grows slowly • Huguenots kept out • New France contained one valuable resource - beaver.  • French Catholic missionaries, notably the Jesuits, labored with much enthusiasm to convert the Indians to Christianity.

  4. Fur-Trading Posts

  5. The Clash of Empires • Antoine Cadillac founded Detroit • Robert de La Salle: interior basin “Louisiana” • Early 1700s French establish a number of posts on the Mississippi river. • New Orleans founded in 1718. • Significance of New Orleans? • Illinois became France’s garden empire of North America because much grain was produced there.

  6. The Clash of Empires –War One • The earliest battles among European powers for control of North America, known to British colonists as King William’s War (1689-1697) p110

  7. The Clash of EmpiresWar Two • Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713).  • Second of the four North American wars • St Augustine Burning • Deerfield Mass Massacre • Quebec holds

  8. Treaty of Utrecht 1714 • England gets : • Nova Scotia • Newfoundland • Hudson Bay area • limited trading rights in Spanish America • Map 6.3: British Territory After Two Wars, 1713

  9. Number Three - Jenkins Ear • The War of Jenkins’s Ear started in 1739 between the British and Spaniards.  This small battle became a war and became known as King Georges’s War in America. • Oglethorpe invades Florida • St Simons Island – Bloody Marsh • It ended in 1748 with a treaty that handed Louisbourg back to France, enraging the victorious New Englanders. Oglethorpe's Highlanders Open Fire at Battle ofBloody Marsh, July 7, 1742

  10. Scenes of the French Wars

  11. North America Before 1754

  12. George Washington Starts the Fighting In 1754 Ohio River Valley became contested territory between France and Britain. British colonial speculators claimed legal rights to 500,000 acres French built chain of forts to thwart British expansion GW sent to secure the Virginians’ claims. p112

  13. The Ohio Country, 1753–1754

  14. Global War and Colonial Disunity • The French and Indian War (Seven Years’ War) started in 1754.  It was fought in America, Europe, the West Indies, the Philippines, Africa, and on the ocean. • In Europe, the principal adversaries were Britain and Prussia on one side and France, Spain, Austria, and Russia on the other.  • The Albany Congress met in 1754.  Only 7 of 13 colony delegates showed up.  It attempted to unite all of the colonies but the plan was hated by individual colonists and the London regime. 

  15. George Washington Inaugurates War with France • In 1754, George Washington was sent to Ohio Country to secure the land of the Virginians who had secured legal rights to 500,000 acres.  • His 150 Virginia militia killed the French leader, causing French reinforcements to come.  The Virginians were forced to surrender on July 4, 1754. • In 1755, the British uprooted the French Acadians fearing a stab in the back, and scattered them as far as Louisiana.. Deportation of Acadians order, read by Winslow in Grand-Pré church

  16. War Begins Badly for Britain • 1755 – British force routed at Fort Duquesne near present-day Pittsburgh. • 1756 – full-scale invasion of Canada goes poorly.

  17. Braddock’s Defeat • General Braddock set out in 1755 with 2,000 men to capture Fort Duquesne.  His force was slaughtered by the much smaller French and Indian army.    Due to this loss of troops, the whole frontier from Pennsylvania to North Carolina was left open to attack.  George Washington, with only 300 men, tried to defend the area. • In 1756, the British launched a full-scale invasion of Canada.

  18. Pitt’s Palms of Victory • In 1757, William Pitt became the foremost leader in the London government.  He was known as the “Great commoner”  He attacked and captured Louisbourg in 1758. • To lead the attack in the Battle of Quebec in 1759, Pitt chose James Wolfe.  The two opposing armies faced each other on the Plains of Abraham, the British under Wolfe and the French under Marquis de Montcalm. p115

  19. Treaty of Paris • Montreal fell in 1760.  The Treaty of Paris (1763) ended the war and threw the French power off the continent of North America. • Treaty of Paris 1763: • Canada seceded to Brit. • French forced to give Louisiana to Spain. • Spanish give Florida to the Brits. • France completely out of N.A.

  20. Pontiac’s rebellion • The war is named after the Ottawa leader Pontiac • The war began in May 1763 when Native Americans, alarmed by policies imposed by British General Jeffrey Amherst, attacked a number of British forts and settlements. • Eight forts were destroyed, and hundreds of colonists were killed or captured, with many more fleeing the region. Hostilities came to an end after British Army expeditions in 1764 p117

  21. Pontiac’s rebellion • The Natives were unable to drive away the British, but the uprising prompted the British government to modify the policies that had provoked the conflict. • Warfare on the North American frontier was brutal, and the killing of prisoners, the targeting of civilians, and other atrocities were widespread. • The British government sought to prevent further racial violence by issuing the Royal Proclamation of 1763, which created a boundary between colonists and Natives p117

  22. Proclamation of 1763 • London government issued the Proclamation of 1763.  It prohibited settlement in the area beyond the Appalachians.  • Outlawed private purchase of lands from the Indians. • Colonial officials could not grant land • Temporary – Crown could buy • Creates resentment p117

  23. Affects of War • 20,000 Americans fight in the war. • Colonies emerge with renewed confidence in their military abilities. • Myth of invincible Brit. troops shattered. • Brits have contempt for colonial militias. • Some colonists had not supported the war.

  24. Impact of War on Colonists • New sense of Freedom-French Gone • Feel less dependent on Brits • Want to spread into Ohio Valley • Indian threat reduced • Pontiac’s Rebellion • Significance? In a famous council on April 27, 1763, Pontiac urged listeners to rise up against the British

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