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General Motivation

Analytic S tudy for the String T heory L andscapes via Matrix Models (and Stokes Phenomena ). Hirotaka Irie Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics , Kyoto Univ. February 13 th 2013, String Advanced Lecture @ KEK Based on collaborations with

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General Motivation

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  1. Analytic Study for the String Theory Landscapesvia Matrix Models(and Stokes Phenomena) HirotakaIrieYukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto Univ. February 13th 2013, String Advanced Lecture@ KEK Based on collaborations with Chuan-Tsung Chan (THU) and Chi-HsienYeh(NCTS)

  2. General Motivation How to define non-perturbativelycomplete string theory? • Perturbative string theory is well-known • Despite of several candidates for non-perturbative formulations (SFT,IKKT,BFSS,AdS/CFT…), we are still in the middle of the way: • Stokes phenomenon is a bottom-up approach: • especially, based on instantons and Stokes phenomena. • In particular, within solvable/integrable string theory, we demonstrate how to understand the analytic aspects of the landscapes How to deal with the huge amount of string-theory vacua?Where is the true vacuum? Which are meta-stable vacua?How they decay into other vacua? How much is the decay rate? How to reconstructthe non-perturbatively complete string theoryfrom its perturbation theory?

  3. Plan of the talk • Motivation for Stokes phenomenon a) Perturbative knowledge from matrix models b) Spectral curves in the multi-cut matrix models (new feature related to Stokes phenomena) • Stokes phenomena and isomonodromy systems a) Introduction to Stokes phenomenon (of Airy function) b) General k x k ODE systems • Stokes phenomena in non-critical string theory a) Multi-cut boundary condition b) Quantum Integrability ---------- conclusion and discussion 1 ---------- • Analytic aspects of the string theory landscapes ---------- conclusion and discussion 2 ----------

  4. Main references • Isomonodromy theory and Stokes phenomenon to matrix models (especially of Airy and Painlevé cases)[Moore ’91]; [David ‘91] [Maldacena-Moore-Seiberg-Shih ‘05] • Isomonodromy theory, Stokes phenomenon and the Riemann-Hilbert (inverse monodromy) method (Painlevé cases: 2x2, Poincaré index r=2,3): [Its-Novokshenov '91]; [Fokas-Its-Kapaev-Novokshenov'06] [FIKN]

  5. Chan HI Yeh Main references • Proposal of a first principle analysis for the string theory landscape [Chan-HI-Yeh 4 '12];[Chan-HI-Yeh 5 ‘13 in preparation] • Stokes phenomena in general kxk isomonodromy systems corresponding to matrix models (general Poincaré index r)[Chan-HI-Yeh 2 ‘10] ;[Chan-HI-Yeh 3 ’11];[Chan-HI-Yeh 4 '12] • Spectral curves in the multi-cut matrix models[HI ‘09]; [Chan-HI-Shih-Yeh '09] ;[Chan-HI-Yeh 1 '10] (S.-Y. Darren) Shih [CIY] [CISY]

  6. 1. Motivation for Stokes phenomenon Ref) Spectral curves in the multi-cut matrix models: [CISY ‘09] [CIY1 ‘10]

  7. Perturbative knowledge from matrix models (Non-critical) String theory CFT Large N expansion of matrix models Continuum limit N x N matrices (Large N expansion  Perturbation theory of string coupling g) Triangulation (Lattice Gravity) We have known further more on non-perturbative string theory

  8. Non-perturbative corrections D-instanton Chemical Potential Perturbative amplitudes of WSn: Non-perturbative amplitudes are D-instantons! [Shenker ’90, Polchinski ‘94] The overall weight θ’s (=Chemical Potentials) are out of the perturbation theory CFT perturbative corrections non-perturbative (instanton) corrections CFT WS with Boundaries = open string theory essential information for the NonPert. completion Let’s see it more from the matrix-model viewpoints

  9. Spectral curve Resolvent: Diagonalization: V(l) N-body problem in the potential V In Large N limit (= semi-classical) l Eigenvalue density The Resolvent op. allows us to read this information • spectral curve • Position of Cuts = Position of Eigenvalues

  10. Why is it important? Spectral curve  Perturbative string theory Perturbativecorrelators are all obtained recursively from the resolvent (S-D eqn., Loop eqn…) Topological Recursions [Eynard’04, Eynard-Orantin ‘07] Input: :Bergman Kernel Everything is algebraic geometric observables! Therefore, we symbolically write the free energy as

  11. Why is it important? Spectral curve  Perturbative string theory Non-perturbative corrections +1 [David’91,93];[Fukuma-Yahikozawa ‘96-’99];[Hanada-Hayakawa-Ishibashi-Kawai-Kuroki-Matuso-Tada ‘04];[Kawai-Kuroki-Matsuo ‘04];[Sato-Tsuchiya ‘04];[Ishibashi-Yamaguchi ‘05];[Ishibashi-Kuroki-Yamaguchi ‘05];[Matsuo ‘05];[Kuroki-Sugino ‘06]… -1 V(l) In Large N limit (= semi-classical) D-instanton Chemical Potential l [David ‘91] Non-perturbative partition functions: [Eynard ’08, Eynard-Marino ‘08] Theta functionon with some free parameters • spectral curve This weight is not algebraic geometric observable; but rather analytic one! Summation over all the possible configurations

  12. What is the geometric meaning of the D-instanton chemical potentials? the Position of “Eigenvalue” Cuts [CIY 2 ‘10] How to distinguish them? Require! But, we can also add infinitely long cuts This gives constraints on θ Later  T-systems on Stokes multipliers “Physical cuts” as “Stokes lines of ODE” Related to Stokes phenomenon! From the Inverse monodromy (Riemann-Hilbert) problem [FIKN]θ_I ≈Stokes multipliers s_{l,I,j}  section 4

  13. Why this is interesting? The multi-cut extension [Crinkovic-Moore ‘91];[Fukuma-HI ‘06];[HI ‘09] ! 1) Different string theories (ST) in spacetime [CIY 1 ‘10];[CIY 2 ‘10];[CIY 3 ‘11] ST 1 ST 2 ST 1  Gluing the spectral curves (STs) Non-perturbatively (Today’s first topic) ST 2 2) Different perturbative string-theory vacua in the landscape: [CISY ‘09]; [CIY 2 ‘10]  the Riemann-Hilbert problem (Today’s second topic in sec. 4) We can study the string-theory landscape from the first principle!

  14. 2. Stokes phenomenon and isomonodromy systems Ref) Stokes phenomena and isomonodromy systems [Moore ‘91] [FIKN‘06] [CIY 2 ‘10]

  15. The ODE systems for determinant operators (FZZT-branes) k-cut  k x k matrix Q[Fukuma-HI ‘06];[CIY 2 ‘10] Generally, this satisfies the following kind of linear ODE systems: Poincaré index r The resolvent, i.e. the spectral curve: For simplicity, we here assume:

  16. Stokes phenomenon of Airy function Airy function: Asymptotic expansion! This expansion is valid in ≈ (from Wikipedia)

  17. Stokes phenomenon of Airy function Asymptotic expansions are only applied in specific angular domains (Stokes sectors) Differences of the expansions in the intersections are only by relatively and exponentially small terms Airy function: (valid in ) Stokes Data! Stokes multiplier Stokes sectors (relatively) Exponentially small ! (valid in ) + ≈ Stokes sectors (from Wikipedia)

  18. Stokes phenomenon of Airy function Airy function: (valid in ) Keep using different Stokes sectors (valid in ) Stokes sectors

  19. Stokes phenomenon of the ODE of the matrix models 6 5 … 4 3 D3 2 1) Complete basis of the asymptotic solutions: 1 D0 … 0 12 19 … 18 In the following, we skip this D12 17 … 2) Stokes sectors 3) Stokes phenomena (relatively and exponentially small terms)

  20. Stokes phenomenon of the ODE of the matrix models Spectral curve Perturb. String Theory 1) Complete basis of the asymptotic solutions: Here it is convenient to introduce General solutions: … Superposition of wavefunction with different perturbative string theories

  21. Stokes phenomenon of the ODE of the matrix models 2) Stokes sectors, and Stokes matrices 6 5 … 4 3 E.g.) r=2, 5 x 5, γ=2 (Z_5 symmetric) D3 2 larger 19 1 D0 18 … 17 0 … 12 19 … 18 Keep using D12 D12 17 Stokes matrices Stokes sectors … … 12 … Canonical solutions (exact solutions) … 8 7 6 5 D3 4 3 2 D0 1 How change the dominance 0

  22. Stokes phenomenon of the ODE of the matrix models 3) How to read the Stokes matrices? :Profile of exponents [CIY 2 ‘10] E.g.) r=2, 5 x 5, γ=2 (Z_5 symmetric) Stokes matrices 7 6 5 4 Thm [CIY2 ‘10] 3 2 D1 : non-trivial 1 Set of Stokes multipliers ! 0 D0

  23. Inverse monodromy (Riemann-Hilbert) problem [FIKN] Direct monodromy problem Inverse monodromy problem Consistency (Algebraic problem) Given  section 4 Special Stokes multipliers which satisfy physical constraints RH WKB Given: Stokes matrices Solve Solve Obtain Obtain Analytic problem

  24. Algebraic relations of the Stokes matrices Z_k –symmetry condition Hermiticity condition Monodromy Free condition Physical constraint: The multi-cut boundary condition most difficult part! This helps us to obtain explicit solutions for general (k,r)

  25. 3. Stokes phenomenon in non-critical string theory Ref) Stokes phenomena and quantum integrability [CIY2 ‘10][CIY3 ‘11]

  26. Multi-cut boundary condition 3-cut case (q=1) 2-cut case (q=2: pureSUGRA)

  27. Stokes phenomenon of Airy function Airy function: (valid in ) Dominant! (valid in ) Dominant! + ≈ Change of dominance (Stokes line) (from Wikipedia)

  28. Stokes phenomenon of Airy function Airy system  (2,1) topological minimal string theory discontinuity  Eigenvalue cut of the matrix model Physical cuts = lines with dominance change (Stokes lines) [MMSS ‘05] Dominant! (valid in ) Dominant! + ≈ Change of dominance (Stokes line) (from Wikipedia)

  29. Multi-cut boundary condition [CIY 2 ‘10] E.g.) r=2, 5 x 5, γ=2 (Z_5 symmetric) 19 18 6 5 … 4 17 3 … D3 2 1 D0 … 12 … 0 … 12 19 … … 18 8 D12 17 … 7 6 5 3 2 D0 1 0 All lines are candidates of the cuts! All the horizontal lines are Stokes lines!

  30. Multi-cut boundary condition [CIY 2 ‘10] E.g.) r=2, 5 x 5, γ=2 (Z_5 symmetric) 19 18 6 5 … 4 17 3 … D3 2 We choose “k” of them as physical cuts! 1 D0 … 12 … 0 … 12 19 … … 18 8 D12 17 … 7 k-cut  k x k matrix Q[Fukuma-HI ‘06];[CIY 2 ‘10] 6 5 3 2 ≠0 ≠0 =0 D0 1 0 Constraints on Sn

  31. Multi-cut boundary condition 3-cut case (q=1) 2-cut case (q=2: pureSUGRA)

  32. The set of non-trivial Stokes multipliers? Use Profile of dominant exponents [CIY 2 ‘10] E.g.) r=2, 5 x 5, γ=2 (Z_5 symmetric) 7 6 5 4 3 2 D1 1 0 D0 Thm [CIY2 ‘10] : non-trivial Set of Stokes multipliers !

  33. Quantum integrability [CIY 3 ‘11] E.g.) r=2, 5 x 5, γ=2 (Z_5 symmetric) 19 cf) ODE/IM correspondence [Dorey-Tateo ‘98];[J. Suzuki ‘99] the Stokes phenomena of special Schrodinger equations satisfy the T-systems of quantum integrable models This equation only includes the Stokes multipliers of 18 17 … • Then, the equation becomes T-systems: … 12 … … 8 7 • with the boundary condition: How about the other Stokes multipliers? 6 5 3 2 1 0 Set of Stokes multipliers !

  34. Complementary Boundary cond. [CIY 3 ‘11] Shift the BC ! E.g.) r=2, 5 x 5, γ=2 (Z_5 symmetric) This equation only includes the Stokes multipliers of 19 18 17 … • Then, the equation becomes T-systems: • with the boundary condition: … 12 … … 8 7 6 5 3 2 1 Generally there are “r” such BCs(Coupled multiple T-systems) 0

  35. Solutions for multi-cut cases (Ex: r=2, k=2m+1): m-7 m-6 m-5 m-4 m-3 m-2 m-1 m 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 m-7 m-6 m-5 m-4 m-3 m-2 m-1 m 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 n n n n [CIY 2 ‘10] [CIY3 ‘11] (Characters of the anti-Symmetric representation of GL) In addition, they are “coupled multiple T-systems” are written with Young diagrams (avalanches):

  36. 4. Summary (part 1) The D-instanton chemical potentials are the missing information inthe perturbative string theory. This information is responsible for the non-perturbative relationship among perturbative string-theory vacua, and important for study of the string-theory landscape from the first principle. In non-critical string theory (or generally matrix models), this information is described by the positions of the physical cuts. The multi-cut boundary conditions, which turn out to be T-systems of quantum integrable systems, can give a part of the constraints on the non-perturbative system Although physical meaning of the complementary BC is still unclear (in progress [CIY 4 ‘12]), it allows us to obtain explicit expressions of the Stokes multipliers.

  37. discussions • Physical meaning of the Compl. BCs? The system is described not only by the resolvent? We need other degree of freedom to complete the system? ( FZZT-Cardybranes? [CIY 3 ‘11]) • D-instanton chemical potentials are determined by “strange constraints” which are expressed as quantum integrability.Are there more natural explanations of the multi-cut BC? ( Use Duality? Strong string-coupling description?  Non-critical M theory?, Gauge theory?)

  38. 4. Analytic aspects of the string theory landscapes Ref) Analytic Study for the string theory landscapes [CIY4 ‘12] From Stokes Data, we reconstruct string theory nonperturbatively Then, can we extract the analytic aspects of the landscapes i.e. true vacuum, meta-stability and decay rate ? YES !

  39. Reconstruction of [(p,q) minimal] string theory [CIY4 ‘12] We don’t start with ODE! • Spectral Curve Reconstruct Non-pert. Strings 1stChebyshev polynomials: There are pbranchesk = p Consider p x pSectional Holomorphic function s.t. Asymp. Exp(x  ∞ ∈ C) Keep using  Generally Z(x) should be sectional holomorphic function

  40. Jump lines: Essential Singularity Constant Matrix 4 ∞ 3 5 2 6 1 8 7 9 Jump line s.t. Asymp. Exp （ x  ∞ ∈ C） Keep using These matrices are equivalent to Stokes matrices

  41. Jump lines: Essential Singularity Constant Matrix 4 given ∞ 3 5 2 6 1 8 7 2 9 1 7 Jump line : Constant Matrices(Isomonodromy systems) Junctions: In particular, at essential singularities, there appears the monodromy equation: Jump lines are topological (except for essential singularities) Preservation of matrices: e.g.) This is what we have solved!

  42. Jump lines: Essential Singularity 4 given ∞ 3 5 2 6 1 8 Obtain ΨRH(x) (Riemann-Hilbert problem) 7 2 9 In fact 1 7 Jump line : Constant Matrices(Isomonodromy systems) Junctions: In particular, at essential singularities, there appears the monodromy equation: Jump lines are topological (except for essential singularities) Ψ(x)can be uniquely solved by the integral equation on ：　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 （e.g. [FIKN]） Preservation of matrices: e.g.) This is what we have solved!

  43. Reconstruction and the Landscapes Essential Singularity 4 ∞ 3 5 2 6 1 8 7 B.G. indenpendence 9 singular behavior Consider deformations: which satisfy Does not change the singular structure Land Then the result of RH problem ΨRH(x) is the same! String Theory Landscape: All the onshell/offshell configurations of string theory background

  44. Reconstruction and the Landscapes Essential Singularity 4 ∞ 3 5 2 6 1 8 7 Pert. and Nonpert. Corrections Physical Meaning of 9 φ(x)∈　Landstr The same! Different! φ'(x)∈　Landstr From Topological Recursions How far from each other as “Steepest Descent curves of φ(x)(Anti-Stokes lines)”mean field path-integrals in matrix models [CIY4 ‘12]

  45. E.g.)(2,3) minimal strings (Pure-Gravity) Essential Singularity 4 ∞ 3 5 2 6 1 8 7 Multi-cut BC (=matrix models) gives 9 Basic Sol. Free energy NOTE coincide with matrix models(a half of [Hanada et.al. ‘04]) [CIY4 ‘12] Small instantons stable vacuum

  46. E.g.)(2,5)minimal strings (Yang-Lee edge) Essential Singularity 4 ∞ 3 5 2 6 1 Multi-cut BC(= matrix models) gives 8 7 Basic Sol 9 NOTE coincide with matrix models ( (1,2)ZZ brane in [Sato-Tsuchiya ‘04]…) Extract meta-stable system bydeforming path-integral[Coleman] Free energy [CIY4 ‘12] (1,2) ghost ZZ brane [no (1,1) ZZ brane] Decay Rate? Large instantons unstable ( or meta-stable)

  47. E.g.)(2,5) minimal strings (Yang-Lee edge) Essential Singularity 4 ∞ 3 5 2 6 1 Multi-cut BC(= matrix models) gives 8 7 Decay rate (= deform. ) 9 Large Instanton NOTE Coincide with matrix models ([Sato-Tsuchiya ‘04]…) Choose BG in the landscape Landstrso that it achieves small instantons Free energy [CIY4 ‘12] (1,1) ZZ brane [no (1,2) ZZ brane] True vacuum? Decay rates of this string theory

  48. E.g.)(2,5) minimal strings (Yang-Lee edge) Essential Singularity 4 ∞ 3 5 φTV(x)∈　Landstr 2 6 1 Deformed by elliptic function Multi-cut BC(= matrix models) gives 8 7 True vacuum Basic Sol 9 Large Instantons Free energy [CIY4 ‘12] It is not simple string theory

  49. Summary and conclusion, part 2 D instanton chemical potentials are equivalent to Stokes data by Riemann-Hilbert methods With giving Stokes data, we can fix all the non-perturbative information of string theory In fact, we have seen that Stokes data is directly related to meta-stability/decay rate/true vacuum of the theory Instability of minimal strings is caused by ghost D-instantons, whose existence is controlled by Stokes data Discussion: • What is non-perturbative principle of string theory? • What is the rule of duality in string landscapes? We now have all the controllover non-perturbative string theory with description of spectral curves and resulting matrix models

  50. Thank you for your attention!

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