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EPIDEMICS IN STRONGLY FLUCTUATING POPULATIONS. By Abdul-Aziz Yakubu Howard University ayakubu@howard.edu. Epidemics In Strongly Fluctuating Populations: Constant Environments. Barrera et al . MTBI Cornell University Technical Report (1999).
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EPIDEMICS IN STRONGLY FLUCTUATING POPULATIONS By Abdul-Aziz Yakubu Howard University ayakubu@howard.edu
Epidemics In Strongly Fluctuating Populations: Constant Environments • Barrera et al. MTBI Cornell University Technical Report (1999). • Valezquez et al. MTBI Cornell University Technical Report (1999). • Arreola, R. MTBI Cornell University Technical Report (2000). • Gonzalez, P. A. MTBI Cornell University Technical Report (2000). • Castillo-Chavez and Yakubu, Contemporary Mathematics, Vol 284 (2001). • Castillo-Chavez and Yakubu, Math. Biosciences, Vol 173 (2001). • Castillo-Chavez and Yakubu, Non Linear Anal TMA, Vol 47 (2001). • Castillo-Chavez and Yakubu, IMA (2002). • Yakubu and Castillo-Chavez J. Theo. Biol. (2002). • K. Rios-Soto, Castillo-Chavez, E. Titi, &A. Yakubu, AMS (In press). • Abdul-Aziz Yakubu, JDEA (In press).
Epidemics In Strongly Fluctuating Populations: Periodic Environments • Franke & Yakubu : JDEA (2005) • Franke & Yakubu : SIAM Journal of Applied Mathematics (2006) • Franke & Yakubu : Bulletin of Mathematical Biology ( In press) • Franke & Yakubu : Mathematical Biosciences (In press)
Epidemics In Strongly Fluctuating Populations: Almost Periodic Environments • T. Diagana, S. Elaydi and Yakubu (Preprint)
Asymptotically Bounded Growth Demographic Equation (1) with constant rate Λ and initial condition N(0) gives rise to the following • N(t+1)= N(t)+Λ, N(0)=N0 Since N(1)= N0 +Λ, N(2)=2 N0 +(+1) Λ, N(3)=3 N0 +(2 ++1) Λ, ..., N(t)=t N0 +(t-1+t-2+...++1) Λ
Geometric Growth(constant environment) If new recruits arrive at the positive per-capita rate per generation, that is, if f(N(t))=N(t) then N(t+1)=( + )N(t). That is, N(t)= ( +)t N(0). The demographic basic reproductive number is Rd=/(1-) Rd, a dimensionless quantity, gives the average number of descendants produced by a small pioneer population (N(0)) over its life-time. • Rd>1 implies that the populationinvades at a geometric rate. • Rd<1 leads to extinction.
Density-Dependent Growth Rate If f(N(t))=N(t)g(N(t)), then N(t+1)=N(t)g(N(t))+ N(t). That is, N(t+1)=N(t)(g(N(t))+). • Demographic basic reproductive number is Rd=g(0)/(1-)
Beverton-Holt Model With The Allee Effect The Allee effect, a biological phenomenon named after W. C. Allee, describes a positive relation between population density and the per capita growth rate of species.
The Ricker Model: Overcompensatory Dynamics g(N)=exp(p-N)
Are population cycles globally stable? In constant environments, population cycles are not globally stable (Elaydi-Yakubu, 2002).
Signature Functions For Classical Population Models In Periodic Environments: • R. May, (1974, 1975, etc) • Franke and Yakubu : Bulletin of Mathematical Biology (In press) • Franke and Yakubu: Periodically Forced Leslie Matrix Models (Mathematical Biosciences, In press) • Franke and Yakubu: Signature function for the Smith-Slatkin Model (JDEA, In press)
Question • Are disease dynamics driven by demographic dynamics?
S-Dynamics Versus I-Dynamics (Constant Environment)
SIS Models In Constant Environments In constant environments, the demographic dynamics drive both the susceptible and infective dynamics whenever the disease is not fatal.
Periodic Constant Demographics Generate Chaotic Disease Dynamics
Periodic Beverton-Holt Demographics Generate Chaotic Disease Dynamics
Periodic Geometric Demographics Generate Chaotic Disease Dynamics
Conclusion • We analyzed a periodically forced discrete-time SIS model via • the epidemic threshold parameter R0 • We alsoinvestigated the relationship between pre-disease invasion • population dynamics and disease dynamics • Presence of the Allee effect in total population implies its presence in the infective population. • With or without the infection of newborns, in constant environments • the demographic dynamics drive the disease dynamics • Periodically forced SIS models support multiple attractors • Disease dynamics can be chaotic where demographic dynamics are • non-chaotic
Other Models • Malaria in Mali (Bassidy Dembele …Ph. D. Dissertation) • Epidemic Models With Infected Newborns (Karen Rios-Soto… Ph. D. Dissertation)
Dynamical Systems Theory • Equilibrium Dynamics, Oscillatory Dynamics, Stability Concepts, etc • Attractors and repellors (Chaotic attractors) • Basins of Attraction • Bifurcation Theory (Hopf, Period-doubling and saddle-node bifurcations) • Perturbation Theory (Structural Stability)
Animal Diseases • Diseases in fish populations (lobster, salmon, etc) • Malaria in mosquitoes • Diseases in cows, sheep, chickens, camels, donkeys, horses, etc.