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Learn about significant events in world history such as the opening of Japan, the Spanish-American War, the World Wars, and the rise of the Soviets. Explore the causes, impacts, and legacies of these events.
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COMMODORE PERRY 1794-1858 Commanded US naval ships in War of 1812, Mexican-American War, and played a pivotal role in the opening of Japan to the West. Convention of Kanagawa (1854)
RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR 1904-1905 A recently modernized Japanese army helped Japan expand its influence to the Korean peninsula and Manchuria.
SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR (1898) War between Spain and the US which ended Spain’s colonial influence in the Western Hemisphere and secured the position of the US as a Pacific power. The US liberated Cuba, and gained control over Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.
TRIPLE ALLIANCE An agreement between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. It was formed on may 20, 1882. Because Austria declared war on Serbia, Germany was forced to declare war as well. (Italy declined to enter into war stating the alliance was a defensive agreement)
TRIPLE ENTENTE An agreement between the Russian Empire, France, and United Kingdom after signing the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907. Not a military alliance, more an understanding of good diplomatic relations.
FRANz FERDINAND 1863-1914 Archduke of Austria and heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian thrown. His assassination (and of his wife Sophie Duchess of Hohenberg) at the hands of Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip on June 28, 1914 is argued to be the immediate cause of the WWI.
TRENCH WARFARE A type of land warfare using occupied fighting lines consisting largely of military trenches, in which troops are well-protected from the enemy's small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery. There were an estimated 1,500-2,500 miles of trenches dug during the conflict of WWI.
WAR OF ATTRITION A military strategy to win a war by wearing down the enemy to the point of collapse through continuous losses in personnel and material. The war will usually be won by the side with greater such resources.
ZIMMERMANN TELEGRAM A message from German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmermann to the German ambassador to Mexico proposing a Mexican-German alliance in case of war between the US and Germany.
TOTALWAR Any and all civilian resources/infrastructure are used to fight a war, priority is given to warfare over civilian needs and all military and civilian resources are considered legitimate military targets.
SOVIETS Councils composed of representatives from the workers and soldiers who formed a grassroots effort to practice direct democracy.
MARCH REVOLUTION Or “The February Revolution” or “The Russian Revolution of 1917” Long-standing discontent with the monarchy erupted into mass protests on March 8, 1917 against food rationing Protesters were primarily women (soldiers from the city’s garrison joined in the riots) Approximately 1,300 died in the protest that led to Czar Nicholas II stepping down from the throne.
V.I. LENIN (Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov) 1870-1924 Russian lawyer, revolutionary and leader of the Bolshevik party. The first leader of the U.S.S.R. and the government that took power over Russia in 1917. Ended Russian involvement in WWI, signing a treaty with Germany (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk) “Peace, land, and bread.”
BOLSHEVIKS Majority faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party (later renamed the Communist Party) Led by Vladimir Lenin, they seized control of the Russian government in the October Revolution of 1917 (which ended 3 years later) and became the dominant political power.
