Literature Review

1. Literature Review Payam Kabiri, MD. PhD.Epidemiologist Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics School of Public Health Tehran University of Medical Sciences

2. Literature Review • What is Literature? • What is Literature Review? • What kind of Literature do we have? • When the Literature review should be down? • When to use Literature in proposals? • How to refer to the used Literature?

3. مرور متون • جستجو و تحليل نظام‌مند منابع (اعم از مقاله، کتاب، پايان‌نامه و ...) که دريک زمينه موضوعی خاص منتشر شده است.

4. اهميت مرور متون مرور متون براساس موضوع پژوهش صورت می‌گيرد و در موارد زير به‌کار می‌رود: • در تهيه پروپوزال طرح تحقيقاتی مقدمه و بيان مساله • در تنظيم گزارش نهايی و مقاله مقدمه و بحث • ساير موارد مانند ...

5. Steps of Literature Review • Problem formulation which topic or field is being examined and what are its component issues? • Literature search finding materials relevant to the subject being explored • Data evaluation determining which literature makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the topic • Analysis and interpretation discussing the findings and conclusions of pertinent literature

6. Information Resources • اطلاعات پايه (Basic Knowledge) کتاب‌های مرجع (Text book) • اطلاعات روزآمد (Updated Knowledge) مجلات و نشريات ادواری (Periodicals)

7. Information Resources • Print Materials • Electronic Materials

8. Information Resources

9. Print Materials • Journals & Papers • Indexes • Dissertations & Thesis • Abstracts of Seminars • Books & Booklets

10. Bibliographic database A bibliographic or library database is a collection of bibliographic information. May contain information about papers, books and other materials held in a library.

11. Versions of electronic databases • Index Medicus is the print version of MEDLINE • Excerpta Medica is the print version of EMBASE • Science Citation Index is the print version of Web of Science

12. Databases • General Databases(Comprehensive OR Core Databases) • Specialized Databases(Subjects Specified Databases)

13. General Databases(Comprehensive OR Core Databases) • Medical Sciences • Medline • Embase • Scopus • All Sciences • Web of Sciences

14. Specialized Databases(Subjects Specified Databases) • Biological Abstracts • International Pharmaceutical Abstract • PsychInfo • CINAHL • Chemical Abstracts • Agricola • Econlite

15. Citation Databases • Web of Science • Scopus • Google Scholar

16. Electronic Journals & Collection • Elsevier Science • Ovid • Blackwell Science • Oxford university Press • Springer • Proquest • Ebsco

17. Also Note Biases • Publication Bias • Fulltext Bias • Language Bias • Database Bias • … • …

18. Publication Bias • “Publication bias refers to the greater likelihood that studies with positive results will be published” • JAMA 2002;287:2825-2828

19. Publication Bias • Positive trials are more likely to be submitted for publication • Positive trials are more likely to be published • Positive trials are more likely to be published quickly • Stern and Simes BMJ 1997;315:640-645

20. Publication Bias • Sterling study: 97% of papers published in 4 psychology journals showed statistically significant results at alpha level 5% ! • Dickersin study: compared published RCTs with unpublished ones .results:55%pub,15% unpub, favoring new therapy! • Mahoney stuD:75 reviewers asked to review different versions of a fictitious manuscript. ”introduction” & ”methods” : identical, ”results” & “discussion” : different (+/ambiguous /-). results of reviewers evaluation : manuscripts with “positive” results received higher average scores!

21. Publication Bias • 1)…if they had reached sig. • 2) positive result • 3) interesting results for both reviewers & authors! • 4) language bias (ENG) in being included in a meta-analysis.

22. How to Bypass Publication Bias • Searching Libraries for Thesis & Research Reports • Searching Registries • Searching Grey Literature • Searching especial Journals like: “Journal of Negative results in Biomedicine”

23. آشنايی با بانك اطلاعاتي مدلاين Index Medicus National Library of Medicine (NLM)

24. Dr. John Shaw Billings • John Shaw Billings (US Army general Surgeon) • Director of the NLM established Index Medicus.

25. Index Medicus • Making: • Author Index • Subject Index • They call it: • Index Medicus

26. آشنايی با بانك اطلاعاتي مدلاين Medical Literature Analysis And Retrieval System MEDLARS

27. آشنايی با بانك اطلاعاتي مدلاين MEDLARS ONLINE MEDLINE

28. آشنايی با بانك اطلاعاتي مدلاين بانك اطلاعاتي مدلاين در واقع همان نسخه الکترونيک ايندكس مديكوس چاپي است که به صورت نسخه سي دي و يا وب منتشر مي شود.

29. Medline • 3200 Journal First & Now +4900 Journal • More 250,000 Paper per Year • 75% of the Whole Printed English Papers throughout the world • Over 17,000,000 Records Till Now

30. Medline • 1966 up to now • National Library of Medicine (NLM) Product • More than 14,000,000 Record till now • The most used database by Medical Researchers throughout the world

31. Medline • Publish more than 800 papers per day • Covers Medical, Dental & Nursing papers • In 2006, 4,928 journals are currently indexed for MEDLINE • Available online through web since 1971.

32. آشنايی با بانك اطلاعاتي مدلاين • Records • Fields • Titles (Ti) • Authors (Au) • Source (So) • Journal Name (Jn) • Main Abstract (MA) • Medical Subjects Headings (MESH) • ………………………………………………

33. آشنايی با بانك اطلاعاتي مدلاين • Search Methods • Find (Search) • Index • Thesaurus (MeSH) • Output Options • View • Download • Print • Email

34. آشنايی با بانك اطلاعاتي مدلاين • Operators • AND • OR • NOT • ADJ

35. Boolean Logics

36. Truncation • For singular, plural or word-roots findings. • Examples: child* will retrieve children, childhood, childlike adolescen*will retrieve adolescent, adolescence, adolescently derm* will retrieve dermal, dermatitis, dermatology, dermoid, dermatologist, dermatopathologist, … • Be very careful of small word roots when looking for plurals… cat* rat* catastrophe rational cataract ratify category ratio Rather use: (cat OR cats) (rat OR rats)

38. Some comparisons between the MEDLINE of 1971 & the MEDLINE of today

39. PubMed PubMedis available via the NCBI Entrez retrieval system. It was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM), located at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 

40. MEDLINE Facts

41. How to refer to the used Literature? • International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (www.icmje.org) • Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals • Sample References (Vancouver) • www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html

42. http://www.pubmed.com http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

43. http://www.tums.ac.ir/ http://diglib.tums.ac.ir/

44. http://scholar.google.com

45. How to see where a journal is indexed? • To check in which database a journal is indexed & where we can find its full text, search your journal name in these websites: • http://jake.openly.com/ • http://journalseek.net/

46. بزنید ! Email اگر میل داشتید payam.kabiri@gmail.com

47. The Oxford Dictionary's latest definition of the following words • Boss: Someone who is early when you are late and late when you are early. • Cigarette: A pinch of tobacco rolled in paper with fire at one end and a fool on the other. • Classic: A book which people praise, but do not read. • Committee: Individuals who can do nothing individually and sit to decide that nothing can be done together.

48. The Oxford Dictionary's latest definition of the following words • Compromise: The art of dividing a cake in such a way that everybody believes he got the biggest piece. • Conference Room: A place where everybody talks, nobody listens and everybody disagrees later on. • Criminal: A guy no different from the rest....except that he got caught. • Dictionary: A place where success comes before work.

49. The Oxford Dictionary's latest definition of the following words • Doctor: A person who kills your ills by pills, and kills you with his bills. • Etc .: A sign to make others believe that you know more than you actually do. • Experience: The name men give to their mistakes. • Father: A banker provided by nature.

50. The Oxford Dictionary's latest definition of the following words • Office: A place where you can relax after your strenuous home life. • Opportunist: A person who starts taking bath if he accidentally falls into a river. • Optimist: A person who while falling from Eiffel tower says in midway "See I am not injured yet."