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4.12 DNA and Mutations

Learn about DNA mutations, including base pairing, translation, codons, and different types of mutations. Explore the causes and effects of mutations, as well as their potential benefits and risks.

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4.12 DNA and Mutations

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  1. 4.12 DNA and Mutations

  2. Quick DNA Review • Base pairing

  3. Translation and Codons • Codon: 3-nucleotide sequence on mRNA that codes for an amino acid

  4. Mutations • Mutation: Changes in the genetic material • A few other notes • 99.9% of time = BAD or Neutral • Does not give you super powers • No such thing as Kryptonite

  5. Gene Mutations Chromosome Mutations 2 Types of Mutations

  6. Types of Gene Mutations • Point Mutation: • Mutation that affects a single nucleotide, usually by substitution.

  7. Frameshift Mutation: • Mutation that shifts the “reading” frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide • Insertion Mutation Deletion Mutation

  8. Remember Codons! • Frameshift Mutations: Codon THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT TEF ATC ATA TET HER AT

  9. Genetic Mutation

  10. Chromosomal Mutations • Chromosomal Mutation: • Change in the number and structure of chromosomes.

  11. How do mutations occur? • 1) Can be inherited • 2) Can be aquired • A) Environmental agents may damage DNA • B) Mistakes occur when cell copies its DNA

  12. Significance of Mutations • Most mutations are neutral (do nothing) • Most of the rest cause defective proteins = genetic disorder or death

  13. But . . . (key!!!) • A small % may be beneficial. • May produce proteins with new, or altered, activities that can be useful in changing or different environments.

  14. What happens if mutation is better?

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