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7. The presidency : the powers of the president. I. According to the Constitution II. According to Congressional law III. According to court decisions and precedents IV. Political authority.
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7. The presidency: the powers of the president I. According to the Constitution II. According to Congressionallaw III. According to court decisions and precedents IV. Politicalauthority
Jimmy Carter: “When things go bad, you get entirely too much blame. And I have to admit that when things go good, you get entirely too much credit.” • “political capital” • “hit the ground running”
I. According to the Constitution -Article II -“take care clause” -John Adams: “I am nothing, but I may be everything” -2564 vetoes since 1789
commander in chief • WarPowersAct 1973 • power to pardon • treaty-makingauthority (chiefdiplomat) • nominations and appointments (mid-90s: more than 2,400) • recess appointments • messages and recommendations to Congress • impeachment
II. According to Congressionallaw -executiveagreements -legislative veto (ruledunconstitutional in 1983)
III. According to court decisions and precedents -executiveorders -presidential memoranda -executiveprivilege
Tocqueville: “It is chiefly in its foreign relations that the executive power of a nation finds occasion to exert its skill and its strength.”
signingstatements • court rulings (e.g. Curtiss-Wright 1936)
IV. Politicalauthority -Madison: “War is in fact the true nurse of executive aggrandizement.” -“bully pulpit” (T. Roosevelt): opinion leadership