by Sandra Zappa-Hollman, PhD Department of Language & Literacy Education

1. Supporting the Academic Socialization of International Students on our Campuses: The Power of Social Networks by Sandra Zappa-Hollman, PhD Department of Language & Literacy Education University of British Columbia CILS Symposium, May 9th, 2008

2. Multiculturalism Internationalization Student Mobility Global Village

3. Top Host Destinations(estimated total 2.7 million students) 1000% Sources: Project Atlas 2007 data from partner organizations, UNESCO/OECD 2005 data and Open Doors 2007: Report on International Educational Exchange.

4. Canada’s international student population General Student Data (2005) Total count of all higher education students, both domestic and international: 1,010,000 Most recent total for international student enrollment: 75,200 Top countries of origin 1. South Korea 21%  2. China 16%  3. Japan 8%  4. US 6%  5. France 6%  6. India 4%  7. Mexico 3%  8. Germany 3%  9. Taiwan 2%10. Hong Kong 2%

5. Internationalization Reactive Proactive Strategic (See work of J. Knight, 2007; survey of universities in 95 countries conducted in 2005)

6. Paralleling spread of study abroad programs is spread of English as an international language.

7. English as a Lingua Franca In: Kachru (1992). Teaching world Englishes.

8. Paralleling spread of study abroad programs is spread of English as an international language. Alarge proportion of the study abroad population will experience an aspect of their sojourn in English.

9. Important questions • What are some of the challenges faced by international students as they become immersed in their host academic contexts? • How do these students become familiarized with the new academic demands they face? • How well are academic communities addressing the needs of international students?

10. The study

11. Focus: Academic literacy Participation in academic literacy activities constitutes a crucial aspect of higher education students’ lives. Becoming literate in different discourse traditions is a complex, lengthy process, particularly challenging for non-native English speakers (Belcher & Braine, 1995; Casanave, 2002; Leki, 2003; Shi & Beckett, 2002; Spack, 1997, 2004; Zamel & Spack, 2004; Zhu, 2001). Academic literacy activities usually take place in high stake situations • “It is through literacy experiences that much college learning takes place (…) and is displayed.” (Leki, 2003, p. 81)

12. Arguably more significant than classrooms, teachers, and documents to the students and to their contexts of learning, however, are the academic relationships that L2 learners form with domestic students. (Leki, 2001, p. 39) The power of social networks

13. Social relationships affect students’ socialization into the target academic culture

14. Purpose of study To yield rich understandings Learning resources & opportunities Impact on L2 academic literacy socialization abroad

15. Language Socialization (Duff, 2005; Ochs, 1988; Schieffelin & Ochs, 1986) Social Network Theory (Milroy, 1980, 1987; Ferenz, 2005) Understanding the complex structure of relationships. Roles of individuals within the networks in order to explain phenomena. Communities of practice (CoP) (Lave & Wenger, 1991; Wenger, 1998) Newcomers = peripheral participants moving from partial to full participation through guidance of more experienced CoP members. The concept of “community” implies a strong/close kind of relationship. Not all social relationships are CoP-based … Theoretical framework The lifelong process by means of which individuals--typically novices--are inducted into specific domains of knowledge, beliefs, affect, roles, identities, and social representations, which they access and construct through language practices and social interaction. (Duff, 1995, p. 508, citing Ochs, 1991)

16. Individual Networks of Practice (INoP) An INoP denotes all the social ties of any given individual, whether weak/strong, relevant to the phenomenon under study. Ties Core Individual Cluster Node

17. Research methodology • Qualitative multiple-case study • Length: 1 year (May 2005-April 2006) • Multiple data sources • Triangulation • Within and across-case analyses

18. Data triangulation

19. Study setting WCU (Western Canadian University) Canada 2 Summer courses 5 Fall courses MCMU (Multi-campus Mexican university) Mexico Source: WorldAtlas.com

20. Participants • 22 student participants: 6 focal cases • Early 20s • First experience abroad/away from parents/family • High academic achievers (average 85% to qualify for exchange) • English proficiency (TOEFL over 550) • Represent a Mexican ‘elite’ = Privileged financial status, attend largest private university in that country

21. Focal participants

22. Overview of findings

23. Mismatches between MCMU and WCU academic cultures/systems • Format • Frequency • Instructions • Source of content • Level of analysis • Feedback • Grading • Language-medium • Prep-reading • Amount • Frequency • Length Reading Writing

24. For me, in my mind, a 50 is like a fail. But they [roommates and friends] tell me ‘no, but a 50 is a good grade!’ And they told me that I’m not doing so badly. And I’m having trouble accepting that I’m doing okay in spite of the 50 – that that’s an acceptable grade. (Isabel, I#2: October 28/05)

25. Academic Literacy Socialization Parameters

26. An example: Liliana’s INoP

27. Liliana’s INoP

28. Liliana’s INoP Natalia Lorena Nancy Mexican friends Liliana Salvador Miranda Gerardo

29. Liliana’s INoP Natalia Natalia Lorena • Best friend • Summer roommate • Classmate in 6 courses • Team work partner Nancy Mexican friends Emotional support Liliana Salvador • Academic support • Instructors’ qualities • Classmates • Comparison of academic • systems • Homework • Exchanged resources Miranda Gerardo

30. Liliana’s INoP Natalia Lorena Nancy Mexican friends Liliana Salvador Miranda Gerardo

31. Liliana’s INoP Natalia Salvador Emotional support Nancy Mexican friends Liliana • Academic support: • Shared summaries • Studied together • Shared tips Salvador Miranda

32. Liliana’s INoP Susan Liliana Non-Mexican friends Fall 2005 roommate Cathy

33. what constitutes a good grade, • how much time is typically devoted to studying for exams and completing assignments, • what constitute typical instructional approaches • tips for maximizing benefits for class lectures, • how to interpret instructor feedback and grading practices Susan & Cathy

34. Summary of Liliana’s INoP • Two types of support • Benefited more from Multiplex ties Affective Academic

35. L2 academic literacy socialization factors

36. The power of the social networks in scaffolding students’ academic socialization experiences. Model that could be employed in future research exploring academic literacy from a situated, holistic perspective.

37. Suggestions • Pre-departure meetings/sources of information available • Involve students in ongoing reflective practices • Remind students of available sources of assistance • Train instructional and non-instructional staff “Intercultural contact and effective communication among different cultures can only be achieved if everyone in the academic community is prepared to make it work” (Myles & Cheng, 2003, p. 259)

38. Given the growing diversity in the classroom as well as the increasingly international and interdisciplinary nature of academic communities, instructors as well as institutions can no longer assume that they are dealing with monolingual, homogeneous groups of learners or colleagues. (Morita, 2002, pp. 189-190)

39. Suggestions • Awareness of linguistic & cultural diversity • Monitor students’ engagement • Bridge cognitive, linguistic, cultural gaps • Avoid certain types of tests & activities • Prepare handout • Comprehension checks • Encourage students to contact • Allow for extra time • Awareness of students’ assumptions & expectations • Variety of instructional activities • Monitor team work / allow class time • Debriefing of assessment practices • Demystify feedback process

40. Thank you sandra.zappa@ubc.ca *** Note: The study I am reporting on today was funded by a two-year SSHRC Doctoral Scholarship, and is also connected to a previous SSHRC-funded study in which I worked as research assistant to PI Professor Dr. Patricia Duff

41. References Belcher, D. D., & Braine, G. (Eds.). (1995). Academic writing in s second language: Essays on research and pedagogy. Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Casanave, C. P. (2002). Writing games: Multicultural case studies of academic literacy practices in higher education. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Duff, P. A. (1995). An ethnography of communication in immersion classrooms in Hungary. TESOL Quarterly, 29, 505-537. Duff, P. A. (2005). Thinking globally about new literacies: Multilingual socialization at work. In J. Anderson, M. Kendrick, T. Rodgers & S. Smythe (Eds.), Portraits of literacy across families, communities and schools (pp. 341-362). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Ferenz, O. (2005). EFL writers’ social networks: Impact on advanced academic literacy development. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 4, 339-351. Knight, J. (2007). IAU Global Survey Report on Internationalization of Higher Education. (Podcast). Available online: http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/podcast/ Kachru, B.B. (1985). Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism: The English language in the outer circle. In R. Quirk and H. Widdowson (Eds.), English in the world: Teaching and learning the language and literatures (pp. 11-36). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Lave, J., & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Leki, I. (2001). “A narrow thinking system”: Nonnative-English-Speaking students in group projects across the curriculum. TESOL Quarterly, 35, 39-67. Leki, I. (2003a). Living through college literacy: Nursing in a second language. Written Communication, 20, 81-98. Myles, J., & Cheng, L. (2003). The social and cultural life of non-native English speaking international graduate students at a Canadian university. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 2, 241-263.

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