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Chapter 3

Chapter 3. Colonies Take Root. Chapter 3: Colonies Take Root. Section 1: First English Settlements. Section 2: The New England Colonies. Section 3: The Middle Colonies. Section 4: The Southern Colonies . Section 5: Spanish Colonies on the Borderlands .

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Chapter 3

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  1. Chapter 3 Colonies Take Root

  2. Chapter 3: Colonies Take Root • Section 1: First English Settlements • Section 2: The New England Colonies • Section 3: The Middle Colonies • Section 4: The Southern Colonies • Section 5: Spanish Colonies on the Borderlands

  3. Section 1: The First English Settlements

  4. Section 1: The First English Settlements • England Seeks Colonies: • England began establishing colonies in America for two reasons • New markets for English products • Raw materials for English factories • First colony was Roanoke Island in 1585 • It was abandoned in 1586 • Re-established in 1587 – it disappeared – great mystery still today • Founding Jamestown • Established in 1507 by the Virginia Company • Given a charter by King James I • Document issued by a government granting specific rights to a person or company • The colonists had two major problems • Poor location for settlement placement • Few settlers were actually interested in working • Result = many deaths • Only 36 of the original 100 survived

  5. Section 1: The First English Settlements • John Smith • Sent by the Virginia Company to lead • Military type commander • Created harsh but necessary rules • He who works not, eats not! • Smith created difficulty with Natives • Raided their villages for food • The Starving Time • Occurred after Smith returned to England with an injury • People went back to their old habits • Powhatan (Native Chief) decided to drive the foreigners from his soil

  6. Section 1: The First English Settlements • Jamestown Prospers • Virginia Company continued to send settlers and supplies • Eventually the settlement became stable and even prosperous • Settlers made progress, some good, some not so desirable • Planted tobacco – became a great export crop • Provided a source of income to sustain the colony • Established a representative government • House of Burgesses – elected by voters to make laws for the colony • Bought the first slaves in America • From the Dutch in 1620 • The Plymouth Colony • Formed by Separatists who fled the Church of England • Pilgrims • A person who takes a religious journey

  7. Section 1: The First English Settlements • Left Holland in 1620 on the Mayflower and arrived where Massachusetts is today • Established a ruling document called the Mayflower Compact before leaving the ship • 2nd step to self government – first written document in which Americans claimed a right to govern themselves • Thanksgiving • The pilgrims received help from local natives • The Chief gave them food, and another Native named Squanto brought them seeds to plant • In the fall they celebrated their good fortune

  8. Plymouth Colony Section 1: The First English Settlements

  9. Section 2: The New England Colonies

  10. Section 2: The New England Colonies

  11. Section 2: The New England Colonies • Geography of New England • Hills, low mountains, and forests • Thin and rocky soil • Long and snowy winters • Short and warm summers • Puritans in Massachusetts Bay • Led by John Winthrop • Wanted to reform the Church of England • After being persecuted in England they decided to journey to America

  12. Section 2: The New England Colonies

  13. Section 2: The New England Colonies • The Puritans Leave England • Formed the Massachusetts Bay company • Founded Boston • Had their own government, and 20,000 residents by 1643 • Salem witch trials • When we fear – we persecute • Irony of the Puritans • They founded their colony so they could worship as they chose • They did not extend that toleration to others • Toleration – recognition that other people have the right to different opinions

  14. What details in this painting show the injustices of the Salem witch trials? How do these trials compare to trials held in the U.S. today? Section 2: The New England Colonies

  15. Section 2: The New England Colonies • Anne Hutchinson teaches her beliefs

  16. Section 2: The New England Colonies • New Colonies • Disagreements within the puritans led to the founding of other colonies • Roger Williams • Believed the puritans should split from the church of England entirely • Criticized colonists for seizing Native American lands • Moved south to Rhode Island and founded Providence • received a charter from the King in 1644 • Anne Hutchinson • Questioned puritan teachings – taught her own vision • Put on trial and expelled from Massachusetts • Established a settlement on an island (part of Rhode Island now) and another in New York

  17. Section 2: The New England Colonies • Thomas Hooker • Disagreed with puritan leaders and left with @100 others • Founded Hartford Connecticut • Received a charter from the King in 1662 • John Wheelright • Agreed with Anne Hutchinson – was forced to leave • Founded Exeter, New Hampshire • Received a charter from the king in 1680

  18. Section 2: The New England Colonies • Growth and Change • Puritan Beliefs • Towns and churches should manage their own affairs • People should work hard and live in strong, stable families • Government through town meetings • Assembly of townspeople that decided issues • Growth • Economically stable • Colonists are financially sound • Shipbuilding industry • Agriculture • Exports

  19. Section 2: The New England Colonies • Their growth has negative impacts • Thousands of natives had died from diseases carried by europeans • By 1670 there were about 12,000 Natives in New England • A loss of over 100,000 • Conflicts erupted • King Philip’s War • Metacom (king philip) the chief of the Wampanoag let his tribe against puritans to stop the expansion • Other native tribes joined the effort • War ended when Metacom was captured and killed • Puritan influence declines • New generations had been born in America • More business like than religious fervor

  20. Section 3: The Middle Colonies

  21. Section 3: The Middle Colonies • Geography of the Middle Colonies • Four states make up the middle colonies • PA is the largest – excellent farming land • NY also good for farming • NJ and DE are lowlands along the coast

  22. Section 3: The Middle Colonies

  23. Section 3: The Middle Colonies • New York and New Jersey • New Netherland becomes New York • James the Duke of York was granted all Dutch lands by his brother the King Charles II • All he had to do was conquer the territory • The Dutch surrendered at the sight of English warships • The colonies were renamed after the Duke of York • New Jersey • Established in 1665 from part of NY that was split off • Proprietary colony • Colony created by a grant of land from a monarch to an individual or company • NJ later became a royal colony in 1702 and was controlled directly by the King

  24. Section 3: The Middle Colonies • Pennsylvania and Delaware • Founded by William Penn and the Quakers • Quakers were a religious group with no ministers • Everyone has a direct link with God • Everyone was equal under God’s eyes • Penn’s Holy Experiment • Found a colony where people of all religions could live in peace • Deal fairly with Native Americans • Nobody could settle land until it was first purchased • How would this fit with Native American beliefs? • Delaware • Settled by people from Sweden • Originally part of Pennsylvania • Granted autonomy by William Penn in 1704

  25. What is happening in this painting? Where is the focus of action taking place? What other details do you notice? What is the mood of this painting? Angry? Cheerful? Cautious? Why do you think this event has been a popular subject for American painters? Section 3: The Middle Colonies

  26. Section 3: The Middle Colonies • Growth and Change • By 1700s Pennsylvania had 20,000 colonists • Eastern part was manufacturing • Iron, flour, paper, shoemakers, carpenters, masons, coopers • farmland was known as the breadbasket • The Backcountry • Western part of the colonies • Extended from Pennsylvania to Georgia • Pennsylvania Dutch • Backcountry settlers were mostly of Scottish or German descent • DEUTSCH

  27. Section 4: The Southern Colonies • Geography of the Southern Colonies • Warm & humid climate • Excellent farmland • Variety of crops able to grow • Tobacco • Rice • Cotton • All require a lot of labor – led to slavery • Mason Dixon Line • Charles mason & Jeremiah Dixon • Surveyed the border between Pennsylvania and Maryland

  28. Section 4: The Southern Colonies • Soil types in the colonies

  29. Section 4: The Southern Colonies

  30. Section 4: The Southern Colonies • Virginia Grows • Conflicts with Native Americans • Expanding white population needed more lands • More cities – larger farms • Natives fought against this expansion • 2 major conflicts • 1622 and 1644 – Natives defeated both times • After 1644, Natives had to accept English rule • Bacon’s Rebellion • Land shortages on the coast • Caused poorer settlers to move inland to find farmable areas • Led to more clashes with Natives • Farmers asked the governor for help • Governor refused – Nathaniel Bacon led frontier settlers on a revolt • Bacon began attacking and destroying Native villages

  31. Section 4: The Southern Colonies • Governor declares Bacon and his men rebels • Bacon responds by attacking Jamestown - Revolt ends when Bacon became sick and died

  32. Section 4: The Southern Colonies • Religious Toleration in Maryland • George Calvert – a catholic – granted Maryland by Charles II • Catholics wished to escape persecution in England • Lord Baltimore • After George Calvert’s death his son became proprietor • Fearing aggression between religions he got the assembly to pass the Act of Toleration • It welcomed all Christians to the colony • Important step for toleration in America

  33. Section 4: The Southern Colonies • Colonies in the Carolinas and Georgia • Carolinas • Northern part developed slowly because of few harbors • Southern part boomed • Good ports • Sugar and rice could be grown • Slaves were used to work the fields

  34. Section 4: The Southern Colonies • Georgia • The last of the 13 colonies • Founded by James Oglethorpe • Wanted a colony where debtors would be protected • Founders wanted a colony of small farms, not plantations • Hence, slavery was banned but this only lasted until 1750 • Change in the Southern Colonies • The Tidewater region • Most important feature were plantations • Created a society of slave holders and slave owners • Divided the white community in two • Rich plantation owners • Struggling small farmers

  35. Founding the 13 colonies Section 4: The Southern Colonies

  36. Section 5: Spanish Colonies on the Borderlands • Spanish Florida • Spain established a colony in Florida years before English settlers arrived in America • Most colonies were built around forts • St. Augustine • First permanent settlement in the United States • To weaken the English Colonies • Spain feared English aggression toward their colony • Spain gave free land to all slaves who escaped and promised to help defend

  37. Section 5: Spanish Colonies on the Borderlands • Settling the Spanish Borderlands • Spain controlled much of North America during the 1600s and early 1700s. • Borderlands • Lands along a frontier • Meant to protect Mexico from foreign powers • A buffer zone • Juan de Oñate • Established Santa Fe • Brought horses to the borderlands • Native Americans under Spanish control learned to use these animals • Horses were stolen and riding skills passed on • Greatly changed how Natives lived

  38. Section 5: Spanish Colonies on the Borderlands

  39. Section 5: Spanish Colonies on the Borderlands • Missions along the California Coast • Spanish missions were established to convert Natives to Christianity and teach them crafting skills • Junípero Serra • Established missions in California that later became major cities • San Diego – Los Angeles – San Francisco • Presidios and Pueblos • Presidio - Military fort to defend missions • Pueblo - Civilian town used as a center for trade • Life in Spanish Missions • Harsh • Natives, although treated better than slaves were not free • Forced to work and follow Spanish rules • Punished severely for not obeying

  40. Section 5: Spanish Colonies on the Borderlands • A Spanish Mission

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