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Chapter 3

Chapter 3. Making a Living in the 19 th Century. Consumer Economy : today’s economy, where people use money to buy what they need. Ex. If we want food, we go to store and buy it with cash, credit or debit.

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Chapter 3

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  1. Chapter 3 Making a Living in the 19th Century

  2. Consumer Economy: today’s economy, where people use money to buy what they need. Ex. If we want food, we go to store and buy it with cash, credit or debit. • Subsistence Economy: in the 19th century, people in NL produced much of what they needed for their own consumption. Ex. Growing their own vegetables, rearing their own cattle. Self-Sufficient People

  3. Subsistence vs. Consumer

  4. The chief occupation in the 19th century was cod fishing. • Three branches of the cod fishery in NL: • The Inshore Fishery • The Labrador Fishery • The Bank Fishery • Cod catching was done by men, but curing the fish involved the whole family. Fishermen & Their Families

  5. Took place near the shores of NL in small boats, from dawn to dusk. • Cod was caught on baited hooks – a process called handlining. • Work continued on shore: cleaning, splitting, salting and curing. • Sunny, windy weather was best for drying fish. • Women were very busy: tending to vegetable gardens, chickens, animals, washing clothes. • Men had many jobs: mending fishing gear, boats, hunting, cutting and hauling wood. The Inshore Fishery

  6. A migratory fishery conducted by people who did not live in Labrador. • Newfoundlanders would go north to fish along the shores of Labrador. • Fishermen and families spent from early summer to early fall fishing in Labrador. • Two types of fishermen in Labrador: • The stationers: caught their fish and then worked from the shore, salting and drying fish. • The floaters: stayed in their boats and moved around to various fishing grounds. Their fish was heavily salted because they did not dry their fish until they returned to Newfoundland. The Labrador Fishery

  7. Large vessels called schooners carried crews and dories to the Grand Banks. • Dories left the schooner each day to fish on the banks and returned often to unload their catch. They used trawl lines and baited hooks. • Many risks: bad weather (wind, fog), collision with other boats, getting lost from schooner, capsizing. The Bank Fishery

  8. Men were gone for long periods of time (up to a month). • Had a significant impact on the economy during the 1800s: resulted in a longer fishing season and therefore less time for gardening, cutting wood, etc. It was then that people started buying food to eat and coal to heat their houses. (move to consumer economy). The Bank Fishery

  9. Read the song lyrics on Pg. 55 in the textbook. Answer the questions that follow. Portfolio Activity

  10. Responsibilities during the Cod Fishery

  11. 1. Hauling a cod trap: This was very demanding as men would haul on meters of line by hand (first used in the 1860's). 2. Splitting Fish: Cutting the throat, removing the head, taking out the guts, removing the sound bone and washing the fish Stages of the Cod Fishery http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Er98JbRS1EI&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active

  12. 3. Drying the fish: After they were cleaned, the fish was salted and laid out to dry. If there was too little salt the fish could spoil; if there was too much salt, the fish could break easily in the drying stage. Stages of the Cod Fishery

  13. 4. Weighing Fish: Once fish was cured, it was sold to the merchants. A hand-barrow of fish was laid on a weigh scale. The hand-barrow could carry up to two quintals of fish (1 quintal being equal to 51 kilograms or 112 pounds). Stages of the Cod Fishery

  14. Fishermen’s success depended on the merchants. • Truck system - This was a cashless system, whereby the fishermen traded their fish for credit at the merchant’s store (they could buy fishing gear, food, clothing). • Fish was sold by the quintal, and had seven different grades (with the highest grade being the highest price), therefore fishermen could never be sure what their catch would be worth. Fish Merchants

  15. The price of fish changed often, depending on demand. • The truck system allowed merchants to set prices for fish, and for the prices of things in their store. They often caused families to go into debt because the price they set for fish did not give them enough credit to be able to afford things at the store. Fish Merchants

  16. Most merchants overcharged for goods, so often the fishermen were in debt to them. • Some fish merchants even helped support families in the community during bad years. Fish Merchants

  17. Today the sealing industry is small compared to what it was years ago. • Two branches of the seal fishery: • The “landsman’s hunt” – seals caught near the shore. • The “offshore hunt” – most activity was from ships off the Northeast coast of NL and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Seal Fishery

  18. Seals were hunted for food, clothing and oil (the most valuable). • The seal fishery was more dangerous than other fisheries because of the location of the hunt (far off the coast, and on dangerous ice), the season of the hunt (in late winter) and the ways in which seals were hunted (with gaffs, on ice-pans). • Sealing disasters were common. The Seal Fishery

  19. A wooden steam ship lost at sea in the Gulf during the seal fishery (had been sailing for thirteen years) • On the way back (with a large catch of seals), a severe blizzard took "The Cross" and 173 crew members (March 31, 1914) Southern Cross Disaster

  20. Over Harvesting (Taking more than they should have) • Activists (Especially in the 21st century) • Danger (Location of the seal herds, season of the hunt, and ways seals were killed) Decline in Seal Industry

  21. Preparing for the voyage • Sculpting seals – removing skin with a thick layer of fat attached. • Towing seals back to the ship. • Skinning Seals – removing the fat from the skin. Stages of the Seal Fishery

  22. Trapping was a lonely lifestyle with many months away from the family. • It started as a way for immigrants and Aboriginal people to receive basic necessities (food, clothing). Eventually, trading for goods became more important, leading to over-hunting and extinction of many species. • In the 1930's the Hudson Bay Company moved into Labrador, putting small traders out of business. Trapping

  23. Moravians operated a system similar to the fish merchant truck system. • Trapped items were exchanged for supplies, food and clothing. However, the Moravians also offered education and health services for pelts. • Moravians believed that merchants were bad: that they cheated fisherman and sold harmful substances like alcohol. Moravian Mission Stations

  24. Moravian Station at Ramah, 1900

  25. At the beginning men built their own boats and schooners so they settled where there was easy access to lumber. • As populations grew with the cod and seal fishery so did the need for more boats. Shipbuilding became an industry. • It is estimated that between 1820 and 1920 almost 10,000 vessels of 30 tons or more were built in Newfoundland communities. Shipbuilders

  26. One of Newfoundland’s greatest Shipbuilder. • Came from a family of sea captains (2 brothers) • Was a Master Shipwright, sail maker and sailor. He learned the trade in Ireland. • His ships were noted for their strength, speed, and beauty. • Three very well known famous ships that he built were the Ida, Gauntlet, and Shamrock. They were built on the Water Street and South Side areas of St. John’s. Michael Kearney (1811-1885)

  27. Beginning of the 20th century, fishery no longer dominated. Although it remained high, other industries became popular. • Some jobs included Mining, Forestry, Railway, Factory Workers, Lumberers, Farmers, Clergymen, Teachers, Lawyers, Doctors, Government officials, Mechanics (manual laborers), and clerk/shop assistants. Other Occupations in NL

  28. Create a mind map outlining all the different occupations of the people of NL during the 19th Century. • Examples: Cod Fishery (Inshore, Labrador, Bank), Fish Merchants, Sealers, Trappers, Shipbuilders. • For each occupation, write some key words and/or sentences to help you remember important information. • Example: The Inshore Fishery – near shores, men fished from dawn to dusk, handlines, work on shore, fish salted and dried on flakes, all members of family had a job, etc. Portfolio Activity

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