East Asia

1. 1450-1750 East Asia

2. The Late Ming (“brilliant”) Dynasty • Overthrew the Mongols in 1368 • Ming lasted for 300 years • Ming emperors were cautious of outside influence because of Mongol rule • First emperor & founder = Hongwu (1368-1398) • Confucians regained influence

6. Ming Sea Voyage Motives — Ming / Zheng He • The economic motive for these huge ventures may have been important, and many of the ships had large private cabins for merchants. • But the chief aim was probably political, to enroll further states as tributaries and mark the reemergence of the Chinese Empire following nearly a century of barbarian rule. • Despite their formidable and unprecedented strength, Zheng He's voyages were not intended to extend Chinese sovereignty overseas.

7. Motives — Ming / Zheng He • More importantly, they served to transmit Chinese culture to South and Southeast Asia and the east coast of Africa. • At the time, many of the countries of these regions were still relatively undeveloped, and therefore quite attracted to China's advanced civilization. • Zheng He's western voyages were not just an opportunity to carry out overseas trade.

8. Chinese Voyages Ended Why?

9. Chinese Culturalism • Deep resentment for the alien Mongols and all things foreign • Lack of interest for anything outside Chinese tradition • Narrow Ethnocentrism = “Culturalism”  the Middle Kingdom • Similar to nationalism, but no nation-state arose in the Chinese culture. • Empire and culture began to be thought of together – thus Chinese leadership uninterested in things foreign. • Change within tradition • No ideology of progress like in the West • Falls behind Western economic and technology

11. Political Characteristics • Concept of all-powerful but not divine emperor continued with Ming (Mandate of Heaven). • Government returned to the “Forbidden City” in Beijing • Revive the examination system • Involved a lot of memorization

12. Read this a few times – and try to remember it… • The superior man bends his attention to what is radical. That being established, all practical courses naturally grow up. Filial piety and fraternal submission!-- are they not the root of all benevolent actions?'

15. The Great Wall • Sought to protect northern boarders by building new fortifications • Rebuilt the ruins of the Qin dynasty version of the wall

18. Trade & Cultural Contact • Attitude = needed little from anyone else • Exceptions: • Voyages of Zheng He • between Japan and China (high point) • Trade was limited to a few interactions with the Dutch and the Portuguese. • Important for Europeans: Ming tolerance of Christian missionaries

20. Jesuits • Efforts to convert Chinese to Roman Catholicism was revived • Jesuits (formed during the Catholic Reformation) led this effort • Most famous: Matteo Ricci • Knew Chinese and their culture well and used this to prove similarities between Confucian and Christian views • Introduced Western technologies to Chinese courts such as: • mechanical clocks

22. Decline of the Ming • Central Asian nomadic groups successfully raid across the Great Wall • Weak emperors + corruption • Peasant rebellions led to the fall of the Ming • Manchurians saw weakening of the mandate of heaven – time to take power. • Named their new empire the Qing (pure) Dynasty

23. Qing Dynasty • Manchu gained control of Beijing in 1644 • By the end of the 1700’s, China: • largest size in history • largest country in the world

24. Political Organization • Encouraged a separation between Manchu and Chinese • High political positions were held by Manchu • Forbid intermarriage between Manchu and Chinese • Forced Chinese men to grow a queue

25. Continued… • Civil service examinations still determined scholar-gentry • More competitive than ever • Emperor still using the mandate of heaven

26. Economic and Social Characteristics • Based on agriculture • Enhanced further by American food crops (Corn, Sweet Potatoes, Peanuts) • Society remained highly patriarchical • men controlled women’s lives • Preferred male children • Only boys took the exams

27. JAPAN

28. From 1100’s – 1500’s Japan was ruled by military governors called shoguns • The Emperor only ceremonial

29. From Civil War to Unity • Late 1500’s saw Japan pass from a state of almost Civil War to a unified State • Called the Tokugawa Shogunate

30. Tokugawa Unites Japan • By 1600 Tokugawa Ieyasu unites Japan under the bakufu(tent government) • In theory it was only a temp. replacement for the Emperor • Lasts until 1867

31. Goals of the Tokugawa • Their main goal was to control the Daimyo • Powerful territorial landlords who ruled Japan from their huge hereditary estates • About 260 of them • They had their own paper money, schools, and military forces • The Shogun had to reduce their power to unite Japan

32. Institute a policy of “alternate attendance” in the capital (Edo) • Daimyo and their family had to spend every other year at the Edo court • Can keep an eye on them • Spend more money on a nice place to live rather than personal army • Create marriage alliances • ALL WORKED TO REDUCE DAIMYO POWER

33. Japan and Korea • Japan invades Korea in 1592 • Japan takes over most of the peninsula and into Manchuria • Opens the door for the Manchus to overthrow the Ming • Massive devastation for Korea • In 1606 Japan withdraws

37. Turtle Boats

39. Japan and Europeans • This part is for you to do: • Create a brief OUTLINE • Big ideas but organized in a logical manner using supporting details • This is pages 513-515 • This is to be done IN CLASS and will be used to make a class set.